La hukm illa li-llah: Difference between revisions
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== Meaning == | == Meaning == | ||
"La hukm illa li Allah" was the [[Kharijite]] slogan in opposition to [[Imam 'Ali]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 6; Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 5.</ref> Due to their use of this slogan, they came to be known as "muhakkima".<ref>Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 32, p. 523.</ref> The term "hukm" in this slogan is interpreted as arbitration (tahkim), meaning that none but [[God]] can be an arbiter.<ref>Farāhīdī, ''Kitāb al-ʿayn'', vol. 3, p. 67; Azharī, ''Tahdhīb al-lugha'', vol. 4, p. 70- 71.</ref> The slogan is derived from the [[Quran|Quranic]] phrase "Inn al-hukm illa li Allah" (Sovereignty belongs only to Allah), which appears in several [[verse|verses]] of the Quran. In the Kharijite interpretation, this phrase was understood as a rejection of any rule or arbitration by anyone other than God. | "La hukm illa li Allah" was the [[Kharijite]] slogan in opposition to [[Imam 'Ali]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 6; Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 5.</ref> Due to their use of this slogan, they came to be known as "muhakkima".<ref>Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 32, p. 523.</ref> The term "hukm" in this slogan is interpreted as arbitration (tahkim), meaning that none but [[God]] can be an arbiter.<ref>Farāhīdī, ''Kitāb al-ʿayn'', vol. 3, p. 67; Azharī, ''Tahdhīb al-lugha'', vol. 4, p. 70- 71.</ref> The slogan is derived from the [[Quran|Quranic]] phrase "Inn al-hukm illa li Allah" (Sovereignty belongs only to Allah), which appears in several [[verse|verses]] of the Quran.<ref>Qur'ān 6: 57; 12: 40, 67.</ref> In the Kharijite interpretation, this phrase was understood as a rejection of any rule or arbitration by anyone other than God.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Payām-i Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)'', vol. 2, p. 432.</ref> | ||
== Initial Uses == | == Initial Uses == | ||
The first use of the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah" came from those who objected to the initial acceptance of [[arbitration]] during the [[Battle of Siffin]], when the Levantine army was on the verge of defeat. However, due to [['Amr 'As|'Amr 'As's]] tricks, they raised copies of the [[Quran]] on spears and demanded arbitration by the Quran. Imam 'Ali was compelled to accept arbitration due to the insistence and even threats from some members of his army, and he communicated this to [[Mu'awiya]] in a letter. Ultimately, an agreement was reached, specifying the two arbiters and conditions of arbitration. | The first use of the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah" came from those who objected to the initial acceptance of [[arbitration]] during the [[Battle of Siffin]], when the Levantine army was on the verge of defeat. However, due to [['Amr 'As|'Amr 'As's]] tricks, they raised copies of the [[Quran]] on spears and demanded arbitration by the Quran.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 48.</ref> Imam 'Ali was compelled to accept arbitration due to the insistence and even threats from some members of his army, and he communicated this to [[Mu'awiya]] in a letter.<ref>Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 493- 494.</ref> Ultimately, an agreement was reached, specifying the two arbiters and conditions of arbitration.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 53- 54.</ref> | ||
When [[al-Ash'ath b. Qays al-Kindi]] read the text of the initial agreement to various tribes, objections were raised regarding the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah". Two young men from the 'Anza tribe chanted the slogan, attacked Mu'awiya’s army, and were killed near Mu'awiya’s tent. Some believe that these two youths were the first to use the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah". Following this event, al-Ash'ath approached the Murad tribe and read the agreement to them as well. In response, al-Salih b. Shaqiq, a prominent figure in the tribe, chanted the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah". A similar incident occurred with the Banu Rasib tribe. | When [[al-Ash'ath b. Qays al-Kindi]] read the text of the initial agreement to various tribes, objections were raised regarding the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah". Two young men from the 'Anza tribe chanted the slogan, attacked Mu'awiya’s army, and were killed near Mu'awiya’s tent. Some believe that these two youths were the first to use the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah".<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 196. Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 512.</ref> Following this event, al-Ash'ath approached the Murad tribe and read the agreement to them as well. In response, al-Salih b. Shaqiq, a prominent figure in the tribe, chanted the slogan "la hukm illa li Allah".<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 197.</ref> A similar incident occurred with the Banu Rasib tribe.<ref>Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 513.</ref> | ||
Opposition to arbitration with the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah" was not limited to verbal objections. When al-Ash'ath met with the [[Banu Tamim tribe]], some members of the tribe attacked him while chanting "la hukm illa li Allah" and struck his horse. Al-Baladhuri, the author of ''Ansab al-ashraf'', believes that the slogan was first heard from this tribe. However, [[al-Ya'qubi]], a third-century AH historiographer, contends that the slogan was first chanted by an individual named 'Urwa b. Adiyya al-Tamimi prior to the meeting of the two arbiters. | Opposition to arbitration with the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah" was not limited to verbal objections. When al-Ash'ath met with the [[Banu Tamim tribe]], some members of the tribe attacked him while chanting "la hukm illa li Allah" and struck his horse.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 49; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 336; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 393.</ref> Al-Baladhuri, the author of ''Ansab al-ashraf'', believes that the slogan was first heard from this tribe.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 336.</ref> However, [[al-Ya'qubi]], a third-century AH historiographer, contends that the slogan was first chanted by an individual named 'Urwa b. Adiyya al-Tamimi prior to the meeting of the two arbiters.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 190.</ref> | ||
== As a Kharijite Slogan == | == As a Kharijite Slogan == | ||
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*Azharī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Tahdhīb al-lugha''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | *Azharī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Tahdhīb al-lugha''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | ||
*Ashʿarī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq''. Tehran: Markaz-i Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1360 Sh. | *Ashʿarī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq''. Tehran: Markaz-i Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1360 Sh. | ||
*Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. '' | *Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Suhayl Zakār & Riyāḍ al-Ziriklī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH. | ||
*Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Raḍī, 1368 Sh. | |||
*Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. 2nd edion. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1413 AH. | *Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. 2nd edion. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1413 AH. | ||
*Farāhīdī, Khalīl b. Aḥmad. ''Kitāb al-ʿayn''. 2nd edition. Qom: Hijrat, [n.d]. | *Farāhīdī, Khalīl b. Aḥmad. ''Kitāb al-ʿayn''. 2nd edition. Qom: Hijrat, [n.d]. | ||