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{{Early Islam}} | {{Early Islam}} | ||
'''Banū Qurayẓa''' (Arabic: {{ia|بنو قريظة}}) was a Jewish tribe inhabiting [[Medina]] in the first years after the [[migration]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. The [[Ghazwa|Prophet's (s) war]] with Banu Qurayza in [[5 AH|5]]/627 was his last war with the | '''Banū Qurayẓa''' (Arabic: {{ia|بنو قريظة}}) was a [[Judaism|Jewish]] tribe inhabiting [[Medina]] in the first years after the [[migration]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. The [[Ghazwa|Prophet's (s) war]] with Banu Qurayza in [[5 AH|5]]/[[627 CE|627]] was his last war with the Jews of Medina, which came to be called the [[Battle of Banu Qurayza]]. | ||
After the [[Battle of Ahzab]], the Prophet (s) and his army went to Banu Qurayza, and after fifteen days of siege, they proposed a compromise and agreed on [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] as the arbiter. Contrary to what his tribe preferred, Sa'd ruled that male warriors of Banu Quraza be killed and their property be divided up among [[Muslim]] warriors. However, [[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]], a contemporary scholar and historiographer, has cast doubts on the accuracy of this account because of inconsistencies in historical sources and certain external evidence. The reason for the Battle of Banu Qurayza was their cooperation with [[polytheists]] in the Battle of Ahzab. | After the [[Battle of Ahzab]], the Prophet (s) and his army went to Banu Qurayza, and after fifteen days of siege, they proposed a compromise and agreed on [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] as the arbiter. Contrary to what his tribe preferred, Sa'd ruled that male warriors of Banu Quraza be killed and their property be divided up among [[Muslim]] warriors. However, [[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]], a contemporary scholar and historiographer, has cast doubts on the accuracy of this account because of inconsistencies in historical sources and certain external evidence. The reason for the Battle of Banu Qurayza was their cooperation with [[polytheists]] in the Battle of Ahzab. | ||
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Along with other Jewish tribes, Banu Qurayza governed Yathrib. Allegedly, their commander was al-Qaytuwan or Fatyun, who was a taxpayer to the [[Iran]]ian ruler, al-Zarih (in [[Bahrain]]).<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 5, p. 83, 85.</ref> According to historical sources, when the Jewish government in Yemen was defeated by the Christian king of Abyssinia, the Jews of Medina were undermined. Finally, in a battle between Khazraj and the Jews, their commander was killed, and Arabs overtook the town.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Kitāb al-badʾ wa al-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 130.</ref> | Along with other Jewish tribes, Banu Qurayza governed Yathrib. Allegedly, their commander was al-Qaytuwan or Fatyun, who was a taxpayer to the [[Iran]]ian ruler, al-Zarih (in [[Bahrain]]).<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 5, p. 83, 85.</ref> According to historical sources, when the Jewish government in Yemen was defeated by the Christian king of Abyssinia, the Jews of Medina were undermined. Finally, in a battle between Khazraj and the Jews, their commander was killed, and Arabs overtook the town.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Kitāb al-badʾ wa al-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 130.</ref> | ||
Because of the dominance of Arab tribes in Medina, many Jews left the city.<ref>Ṭuʿayma, ''al-Tārīkh al-Yahūdī al-ʿāmm'', vol. 2, p. 12; | Because of the dominance of Arab tribes in Medina, many Jews left the city.<ref>Ṭuʿayma, ''al-Tārīkh al-Yahūdī al-ʿāmm'', vol. 2, p. 12; Murṣafī, ''al-Rasūl wa al-yahūd wajhan li-wajh'', vol. 7, p. 10- 12.</ref> It is also reported that near the emergence of Islam, Jewish tribes lived outside the city in their forts.<ref>Majdūb, ''al-Mustawṭanāt al-Yahūdiyya ʿalā ʿahd al-Rasūl'', p. 45.</ref> In this period, Banu Qurayza had greater population and influence than [[Banu Nadir]] and [[Banu Qaynuqa']].<ref>Majdūb, ''al-Mustawṭanāt al-Yahūdiyya ʿalā ʿahd al-Rasūl'', p. 43.</ref> They lived in the southeast of Medina<ref>Ṭuʿayma, ''al-Tārīkh al-Yahūdī al-ʿāmm'', vol. 2, p. 15.</ref> and were mainly engaged in agriculture.<ref>Murṣafī, ''al-Rasūl wa al-yahūd wajhan li-wajh'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> | ||
==Battle of Banu Qurayza== | ==Battle of Banu Qurayza== | ||
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According to some authors, the only independent account of Banu Qurayza in Islamic sources is the one concerning Muslims' war with them in [[5 AH|5]]/626. Other accounts of their history and events appear in the histories of Aws and Khazraj.<ref>Āhanchī, ''Banī Qurayẓa'', p. 469.</ref> | According to some authors, the only independent account of Banu Qurayza in Islamic sources is the one concerning Muslims' war with them in [[5 AH|5]]/626. Other accounts of their history and events appear in the histories of Aws and Khazraj.<ref>Āhanchī, ''Banī Qurayẓa'', p. 469.</ref> | ||
The Battle of Banu Qurayza allegedly occurred in late [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] and early [[Dhu l-Hajja]] in 5/April 627 and was the last conflict between Muslims and the Jews of [[Medina]]. According to Islamic sources, immediately after the [[Battle of Ahzab]] and the retreat of the enemies, the [[Prophet (s)]] raged a war against Banu Qurayza. Muslims besieged the forts and homes of Banu Qurayza for fifteen days,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 57.</ref> and then the Jews proposed a compromise and agreed on [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] as their arbiter.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al- | The Battle of Banu Qurayza allegedly occurred in late [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] and early [[Dhu l-Hajja]] in 5/April 627 and was the last conflict between Muslims and the Jews of [[Medina]]. According to Islamic sources, immediately after the [[Battle of Ahzab]] and the retreat of the enemies, the [[Prophet (s)]] raged a war against Banu Qurayza. Muslims besieged the forts and homes of Banu Qurayza for fifteen days,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 57.</ref> and then the Jews proposed a compromise and agreed on [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] as their arbiter.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al-farīd'', vol. 3, p. 327.</ref> | ||
According to historical sources, despite his injuries and sickness, Sa'd b. Mu'adh left his tent and went to Banu Qurayza, and contrary to what his tribe, as an ally with Banu Qurayza, expected, he ruled that male warriors of Banu Qurayza must be killed, their property must be divided up, and their children must be captivated.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 222- 223.</ref> According to sources, the Prophet (s) characterized Sa'd's ruling as the ruling of God.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 222- 223; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 412; vol. 2, p. 52; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 57- 59; Ḥāfiẓ Mizī, ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl'', vol. 10, p. 302.</ref> The war with Banu Qurayza occurred because they had violated their pact with Muslims and cooperated with [[Shirk|polytheists]] in the Battle of Ahzab against Muslims.<ref>Wāqidī, '' | According to historical sources, despite his injuries and sickness, Sa'd b. Mu'adh left his tent and went to Banu Qurayza, and contrary to what his tribe, as an ally with Banu Qurayza, expected, he ruled that male warriors of Banu Qurayza must be killed, their property must be divided up, and their children must be captivated.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 222- 223.</ref> According to sources, the Prophet (s) characterized Sa'd's ruling as the ruling of God.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 222- 223; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 412; vol. 2, p. 52; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 57- 59; Ḥāfiẓ Mizī, ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl'', vol. 10, p. 302.</ref> The war with Banu Qurayza occurred because they had violated their pact with Muslims and cooperated with [[Shirk|polytheists]] in the Battle of Ahzab against Muslims.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 503, 504.</ref> | ||
[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]], a contemporary scholar and historiographer, cites remarkable inconsistencies in historical sources as well as external facts such as the population of Medina and the Prophet's (s) kind character, and thereby, casts doubts over the accuracy of the account, and in particular, the massacre of six hundred to nine hundred people from Banu Qurayza. He characterizes the event as a myth fabricated by the people of [[Khazraj]] to downgrade the status of [[Aws]] in the eyes of the Prophet (s).<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 88- 90.</ref> | [[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]], a contemporary scholar and historiographer, cites remarkable inconsistencies in historical sources as well as external facts such as the population of Medina and the Prophet's (s) kind character, and thereby, casts doubts over the accuracy of the account, and in particular, the massacre of six hundred to nine hundred people from Banu Qurayza. He characterizes the event as a myth fabricated by the people of [[Khazraj]] to downgrade the status of [[Aws]] in the eyes of the Prophet (s).<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 88- 90.</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
*Āhanchī, Ādhar. ''Banī Qurayẓa | {{references}} | ||
*Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Aghānī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1414-1415 AH/1994 AD. | * Āhanchī, Ādhar. ''Banī Qurayẓa; in Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām''. Tehran: Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Islāmī, 1377 Sh. | ||
*Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: [n.p], 1408 AH. | * Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Aghānī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1414-1415 AH/1994 AD. | ||
*Ḥāfiẓ Mizī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl''. Edited by: Bashār ʿAwād Maʿrūf. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1409 AH. | * Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: [n.p], 1408 AH. | ||
*Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH. | * Ḥāfiẓ Mizī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl''. Edited by: Bashār ʿAwād Maʿrūf. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1409 AH. | ||
*Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1410 AH. | * Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH. | ||
*Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī, Muḥammad b. Muslim. ''Al-Maghāzī al-Nabawiyya''. Edited by: Suhayl Zakār. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH. | * Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1410 AH. | ||
*Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Al-ʿIqd al- | * Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī, Muḥammad b. Muslim. ''Al-Maghāzī al-Nabawiyya''. Edited by: Suhayl Zakār. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH. | ||
*Majdūb, Aḥmad ʿAlī. ''Al-Mustawṭanāt al-Yahūdiyya ʿalā ʿahd al-Rasūl''. Cairo: Al-Dār al-Miṣriyya al-Lubnāniyya, 1417 AH. | * Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Al-ʿIqd al-farīd''. Edited by: Mufīd Muḥammad Qumayḥa. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīya, 1407 AH. | ||
* | * Majdūb, Aḥmad ʿAlī. ''Al-Mustawṭanāt al-Yahūdiyya ʿalā ʿahd al-Rasūl''. Cairo: Al-Dār al-Miṣriyya al-Lubnāniyya, 1417 AH. | ||
*Muqaddasī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Kitāb al-badʾ wa al-tārīkh''. Paris: [n. | * Murṣafī, Saʿd. ''Al-Rasūl wa al-yahūd wajhan li-wajh''. Kuwait: Maktabat al-Manār al-Islāmiyya, 1413 AH. | ||
*Shahīdī, Jaʿfar. ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām''. Tehran: Markaz-i | * Muqaddasī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Kitāb al-badʾ wa al-tārīkh''. Paris: [n.n], 1899- 1919 CE. | ||
*Ṭuʿayma, Ṣābir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-Yahūdī al-ʿāmm''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1411 AH. | * Shahīdī, Jaʿfar. ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām''. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1392 Sh. | ||
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Qom: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1414 AH. | * Ṭuʿayma, Ṣābir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-Yahūdī al-ʿāmm''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1411 AH. | ||
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: [n. | * Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Qom: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1414 AH. | ||
* Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: [n.n], 1379 AH. | |||
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