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Hamza b. Abd al-Muttalib: Difference between revisions
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''' | '''Ḥamza b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib''' (Arabic: حمزة بن عبدالمطّلب ) was the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] uncle and a [[martyr]] in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. Even when Hamza had not still become a Muslim, he defended the Prophet (s) against the harassments of idolaters. He was one of the noble people of [[Quraysh]] and therefore when he became Muslim, Quraysh would harass the Prophet (s) less than before. | ||
After becoming a Muslim, Hamza was remained among the most important defenders of the Prophet (s) | After becoming a Muslim, Hamza was remained among the most important defenders of the Prophet (s). He accompanied Muslims in the [[Shi'b of Abi Talib]]. Hamza participated in a number of battles including the [[Battle of Badr]] and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in which he was martyred. | ||
Hamza was titled as '''Asad Allah''' and '''Asad Rasul Allah'''. He was blessed after being martyred and was titled '''Sayyid al-Shuhada'''. | Hamza was titled as '''Asad Allah''' and '''Asad Rasul Allah'''. He was blessed after being martyred and was titled '''Sayyid al-Shuhada'''. | ||
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His name meant "lion" or "sharp-sighted". His [[Kunya]] was Abu 'Umara and Abu Ya'la. His mother was Hala bt. Uhayb (Wuhayb) b. 'Abd Manaf b. Zuhra. | His name meant "lion" or "sharp-sighted". His [[Kunya]] was Abu 'Umara and Abu Ya'la. His mother was Hala bt. Uhayb (Wuhayb) b. 'Abd Manaf b. Zuhra. | ||
Hamza was titled as '''Asad Allah''' and '''Asad Rasul Allah'''. According to a hadith, he was blessed after he was martyred and was titled as '''Sayyid al- | Hamza was titled as '''Asad Allah''' and '''Asad Rasul Allah'''. According to a [[hadith]], he was blessed after he was martyred and was titled as '''Sayyid al-Shuhada'''. | ||
== His Time of Birth == | == His Time of Birth == | ||
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One day, [[Abu Jahl]] met the Prophet (s) near the [[mount Safa]] and insulted him. The Prophet (s) did not say anything to him. A woman slave was near there and saw what happened. When Hamza came back to [[Mecca]] from hunting, he used to circumambulate the Ka'ba then he would go to [[Quraysh]] gatherings. Quraysh loved Hamza because of his magnanimity. This time, when he came to Quraysh gathering, that woman slave went to Hamza and told him, "you were not here to see what Abu Jahl said to your nephew!" Hamza went to Abu Jahl and found him sitting among people in [[Masjid al-Haram]]. He stroke his bow on Abu Jahl so hard that his head was badly broke. Then told him, "you dare insult Muhammad?!! You do not know I have accepted his religion?! I say whatever he says!" [[Banu Makhzum]] wanted to go help Abu Jahl, but he told them, "Leave Hamza, because I have badly insulted his nephew." This happening was when Hamza declared his acceptance of Islam. Afterwards, Quraysh saw that the Prophet (s) has a great support like Hamza who will protect him against their harms and thus they annoyed the Prophet (s) less. | One day, [[Abu Jahl]] met the Prophet (s) near the [[mount Safa]] and insulted him. The Prophet (s) did not say anything to him. A woman slave was near there and saw what happened. When Hamza came back to [[Mecca]] from hunting, he used to circumambulate the Ka'ba then he would go to [[Quraysh]] gatherings. Quraysh loved Hamza because of his magnanimity. This time, when he came to Quraysh gathering, that woman slave went to Hamza and told him, "you were not here to see what Abu Jahl said to your nephew!" Hamza went to Abu Jahl and found him sitting among people in [[Masjid al-Haram]]. He stroke his bow on Abu Jahl so hard that his head was badly broke. Then told him, "you dare insult Muhammad?!! You do not know I have accepted his religion?! I say whatever he says!" [[Banu Makhzum]] wanted to go help Abu Jahl, but he told them, "Leave Hamza, because I have badly insulted his nephew." This happening was when Hamza declared his acceptance of Islam. Afterwards, Quraysh saw that the Prophet (s) has a great support like Hamza who will protect him against their harms and thus they annoyed the Prophet (s) less. | ||
Based on a narration by [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], what made Hamza accept Islam was his defense of the Prophet (s) in a happening when idolaters | Based on a narration by [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], what made Hamza accept Islam was his defense of the Prophet (s) in a happening when idolaters threw a camel's uterus on the head of the Prophet (s). However, some researchers believe that Hamza's acceptance of Islam has been based on awareness and knowledge. | ||
He accepted Islam two or six years after the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission before [[Abu Dhar]] became Muslim. Hamza's acceptance of Islam was influential in the tendency of his relatives towards Islam. | He accepted Islam two or six years after the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission before [[Abu Dhar]] became Muslim. Hamza's acceptance of Islam was influential in the tendency of his relatives towards Islam. | ||
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In the [[brotherhood covenant]] of Muslims in [[Mecca]], Hamza became brother with [[Zayd b. Haritha]] and on the day of the [[Battle of Uhud]], had mentioned him as his successor. Also in the brotherhood covenant of [[Medina]], before the [[Battle of Badr]], he became the brother of [[Kulthum b. Hadm]]. | In the [[brotherhood covenant]] of Muslims in [[Mecca]], Hamza became brother with [[Zayd b. Haritha]] and on the day of the [[Battle of Uhud]], had mentioned him as his successor. Also in the brotherhood covenant of [[Medina]], before the [[Battle of Badr]], he became the brother of [[Kulthum b. Hadm]]. | ||
The noble Prophet (s) tied the first flag of war for Hamza in [[ | The noble Prophet (s) tied the first flag of war for Hamza in [[Ramadan]], [[1]]/622 to lead the [[Sariyya]] against [[Quraysh]]'s caravan which was returning to [[Mecca]] from [[Levant]]. Hamza accompanied with 30 people from among the Immigrants went to 'Ays area near the sea and there encountered 300 pagan horsemen from Mecca led by [[Abu Jahl]]. Due to mediation of Majdi b. 'Amr Juhani who was at peace with both groups, no war took place and both armies came back to their people. Hamza also was the standard-bearer in the battles of Abwa' or Waddan, Dhu al-'Ushayra and [[Bani Qaynuqa']]. | ||
In the [[Battle of Badr]], Hamza was in the closest part of the Islam's army to idolaters. The Prophet (s) sent him, [['Ali (a)]] and 'Ubayda b. Harith b. 'Abd al-Muttalib to fight with some of the chiefs of idolaters. According to different reports, 'Utba b. Rabi'a or Shayba were killed in direct combat with Hamza. | In the [[Battle of Badr]], Hamza was in the closest part of the Islam's army to idolaters. The Prophet (s) sent him, [['Ali (a)]] and 'Ubayda b. Harith b. 'Abd al-Muttalib to fight with some of the chiefs of idolaters. According to different reports, 'Utba b. Rabi'a or Shayba were killed in direct combat with Hamza. | ||
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In the occasion of [[Sadd al-Abwab]], Hamza has been mentioned. Apparently, Hamza was one of the people whose house had a door which opened in the mosque of the Prophet (s). The prophet (s) ordered that all the doors except the door of Ali's house be closed and answered Hamza's question about it saying that it has been an order by God. | In the occasion of [[Sadd al-Abwab]], Hamza has been mentioned. Apparently, Hamza was one of the people whose house had a door which opened in the mosque of the Prophet (s). The prophet (s) ordered that all the doors except the door of Ali's house be closed and answered Hamza's question about it saying that it has been an order by God. | ||
On the verge of Uhud battle in 3 | On the verge of Uhud battle in 3/624, Hamza was one of the people who requested that they fight out of Medina so earnestly that he said he would not eat anything until he fought with the enemy out of the city. He was in charge of the heart of the army. He fought with two swords and showed great courage and valor in that battle. | ||
== His Martyrdom == | == His Martyrdom == | ||
{{Main|Battle of Uhud}} | {{Main|Battle of Uhud}} | ||
The [[Battle of Uhud]] happened on Saturday, [[15 Shawwal|15th of Shawwal]] 3 | The [[Battle of Uhud]] happened on Saturday, [[15 Shawwal|15th of Shawwal]] 3/624. In that battle, Hamza was [[martyr]]ed by Wahshi b. Harb, the Ethiopian slave of the daughter of Harith b. 'Amir b. Nawfal or the slave of Jubayr b. Mut'im. | ||
According to a report, Harith's daughter promised Wahshi to free him if he killed [[Muhammad (s)]], Hamza or [['Ali (a)]] as a revenge for her father who was killed in the [[Battle of Badr]]. According to another report, Jubayr b. Mut'im promised Wahshi freedom if he could take revenge of his uncle Tughayma b. 'Adi who was killed in the battle of Badr. However, undoubtedly, the motives of Hind, daughter of 'Utba, wife of [[Abu Sufyan]] was greater than that of Jubayr or the daughter of Harith to take revenge for her father, brother and uncle who were killed in the battle of Badr. According to some reports, Hind encouraged Wahshi to that with the promise of giving him money. | According to a report, Harith's daughter promised Wahshi to free him if he killed [[Muhammad (s)]], Hamza or [['Ali (a)]] as a revenge for her father who was killed in the [[Battle of Badr]]. According to another report, Jubayr b. Mut'im promised Wahshi freedom if he could take revenge of his uncle Tughayma b. 'Adi who was killed in the battle of Badr. However, undoubtedly, the motives of Hind, daughter of 'Utba, wife of [[Abu Sufyan]] was greater than that of Jubayr or the daughter of Harith to take revenge for her father, brother and uncle who were killed in the battle of Badr. According to some reports, Hind encouraged Wahshi to that with the promise of giving him money. | ||
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According to a report, Hind had a vow to eat the liver of Hamza. First, Wahshi promised to kill 'Ali (a), but in the battlefield, he martyred Hamza and took his liver to Hind. Hind gave Wahshi her clothes and jewels and promised to give him ten Dinars in [[Mecca]]. Then, she came to the body of Hamza and mutilated his body and by those parts of his body she cut, later made earrings, bracelet and anklets for herself. It is said that Mu'awiya b. Mughayra and Abu Sufyan also mutilated or injured the body of Hamza. | According to a report, Hind had a vow to eat the liver of Hamza. First, Wahshi promised to kill 'Ali (a), but in the battlefield, he martyred Hamza and took his liver to Hind. Hind gave Wahshi her clothes and jewels and promised to give him ten Dinars in [[Mecca]]. Then, she came to the body of Hamza and mutilated his body and by those parts of his body she cut, later made earrings, bracelet and anklets for herself. It is said that Mu'awiya b. Mughayra and Abu Sufyan also mutilated or injured the body of Hamza. | ||
Due to the savagery of the things happened to the body of Hamza, some | Due to the savagery of the things happened to the body of Hamza, some [[companion]]s of the Prophet (s) swore that they would mutilate 30 or more of the people of [[Quraysh]], but the verse 126 of [[Sura Nahl]] (16:126)<ref>16:126:وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُواْ بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُم بِهِ وَلَئِن صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِّلصَّابِرينَ (if ye punish, then punish with the like of that wherewith ye were afflicted. but if ye endure patiently, verily it is better for the patient)</ref> was revealed and although it gave them the permission for doing the same but regarded patience a better act instead. | ||
=== His Burial === | === His Burial === | ||
Hamza was the first martyr of the [[Battle of Uhud]] that the [[Prophet (s)]] performed [[Salat al-Mayyit|prayer]] upon and then other martyrs were brought in different times and were laid beside him and then the Prophet (s) performed prayer upon them. Therefore, he (s) did prayer upon the martyrs individually or collectively about 70 times. Hamza was shrouded in a piece of cloth, his sister [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]] had brought, since | Hamza was the first martyr of the [[Battle of Uhud]] that the [[Prophet (s)]] performed [[Salat al-Mayyit|prayer]] upon and then other martyrs were brought in different times and were laid beside him and then the Prophet (s) performed prayer upon them. Therefore, he (s) did prayer upon the martyrs individually or collectively about 70 times. Hamza was shrouded in a piece of cloth, his sister [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]] had brought, since idolaters had stolen all his clothes. | ||
== Crying over Hamza == | == Crying over Hamza == | ||
When the noble [[Prophet (s)]] saw Hamza that way, cried and when he (s) heard the [[Ansar|Helpers]] crying for their martyrs, he (s) said, " | When the noble [[Prophet (s)]] saw Hamza that way, he cried and when he (s) heard the [[Ansar|Helpers]] crying for their martyrs, he (s) said, "But Hamza does not have anyone to mourn for him!" [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] heard this and took women to the house of the Prophet (s) and they mourned for Hamza. Since then, any woman from the Helpers who wanted to mourn for a deceased person, would first mourn for Hamza. It is said that Zaynab, daughter of [[Abu Salama]] wore black clothes of mourning for Hamza. | ||
== Grave of Hamza == | == Grave of Hamza == | ||
[[File:Tomb of Hamza before being destroyed.jpg|thumbnail| | [[File:Tomb of Hamza before being destroyed.jpg|thumbnail|The tomb of Hamza Sayyid al-Shuhada and other [[martyr]]s of the [[Battle of Uhud]] before being destroyed by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] in 1925.]] | ||
[[File:Grave o Hamza.jpg|thumbnail| | [[File:Grave o Hamza.jpg|thumbnail|The current image of the grave of Hamza Sayyid al-Shuhada and other Martyrs of the Battle of Uhud.]] | ||
It is said that [[Lady Fatima (a)]] used to visit Hamza's grave and had marked it with stones. | It is said that [[Lady Fatima (a)]] used to visit Hamza's grave and had marked it with stones. | ||
Due to their enmity for the family of the [[Prophet (s)]], [[Umayyads]] badly treated the graves of Hamza and other martyrs of [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. It is said that in the rule of [[Uthman b. َAffan|'Uthman]], [[Abu Sufyan]] trampled on the grave of Hamza and addressed him saying, "what you draw sword on us for to defend is now the toy of our youths!" [[Mu'awiya]] too, around 40 years after the event of Uhud, used the excuse of flowing the water of a spring on that area, or due to his enmity with the family of the Prophet (s) ordered that the martyrs of Uhud (including Hmaza) to be exhumed and their bodies be replaced. Thus apparently, the graves of some martyrs of Uhud and also Hamza might have been changed. | Due to their enmity for the family of the [[Prophet (s)]], [[Umayyads]] badly treated the graves of Hamza and other martyrs of [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. It is said that in the rule of [[Uthman b. َAffan|'Uthman]], [[Abu Sufyan]] trampled on the grave of Hamza and addressed him saying, "what you draw sword on us for to defend is now the toy of our youths!" [[Mu'awiya]] too, around 40 years after the event of Uhud, used the excuse of flowing the water of a spring on that area, or due to his enmity with the family of the Prophet (s) ordered that the martyrs of Uhud (including Hmaza) to be exhumed and their bodies be replaced. Thus apparently, the graves of some martyrs of Uhud and also Hamza might have been changed. | ||
The grave of Hamza used to have a tomb and a mosque beside it, but after [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] and Saudis came to power | The grave of Hamza used to have a tomb and a mosque beside it, but after [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] and Saudis came to power in [[Saudi Arabia]], they destroyed his tomb and the mosque beside it in 1344/1925 and built another mosque which is now known as the mosque of Uhud, [['Ali (a)]] and Hamza in the west side of it. Grave of Hamza has been a common place of visit by [[Shi'a]] pilgrims especially [[Iran]]ians from long ago. | ||
== The Position of Hamza == | == The Position of Hamza == | ||
An example of the great influence of Hamza's personality and his popularity was that after he was martyred, some of the companions of the [[Prophet (s)]] named their sons after him. The martyrdom of Hamza and [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] has been considered the cause of diminishing the power of [[Banu Hashim]] against [[Quraysh]] and [['Ali (a)|'Ali b. Abi Talib's (a)]] loss of the caliphate after the Prophet (s). | An example of the great influence of Hamza's personality and his popularity was that after he was martyred, some of the companions of the [[Prophet (s)]] named their sons after him. The martyrdom of Hamza and [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] has been considered the cause of diminishing the power of [[Banu Hashim]] against [[Quraysh]] and [['Ali (a)|'Ali b. Abi Talib's (a)]] loss of the [[caliphate]] after the Prophet (s). | ||
=== His Virtues in Hadiths === | === His Virtues in Hadiths === | ||
In their debates against their opponents, Imam 'Ali (a) and other Imams (a) mentioned their relation with Hamza and Ja'far as an honor. | In their debates against their opponents, Imam 'Ali (a) and other [[Imams (a)]] mentioned their relation with Hamza and Ja'far as an honor. | ||
There are many | There are many [[hadith]]s about the virtues of Hamza. The Prophet (s) called Hamza, Ja'far b. Abi Talib and 'Ali (a) best of people and among his seven best relatives among Banu Hashim. He (s) also called them best of martyrs. He (s) used to say that Hamza did justice to kinship and had many good deeds. | ||
Mentioning the names of Hamza's related properties such as his horse Ward, and his sword Liyah in narrations shows his important position which lasted many centuries after him. | Mentioning the names of Hamza's related properties such as his horse Ward, and his sword Liyah in narrations shows his important position which lasted many centuries after him. | ||
== His Children == | == His Children == | ||
Hamza's children were three sons with the names of 'Amara, Ya'la and 'Amir. 'Amara ( | Hamza's children were three sons with the names of 'Amara, Ya'la and 'Amir. 'Amara (eldest son of Hamza) was present in conquering [[Iraq]]. Ya'li had five sons. Although, it is mentioned in sources that Hamza's progeny did not continue but in 10th/16th century, some people were considered his descendants. | ||