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Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari: Difference between revisions
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Jabir has narrated a great deal of [[hadith]]. He narrated [[hadith of Lowh]], which contains the names of [[twelver Shi'a Imams]] from Prophet Muhammad (s), and also other famous hadiths including [[hadith of Ghadir Khumm]], [[hadith of Thaqalayn]] and [[hadith of the City of Knowledge]]. | Jabir has narrated a great deal of [[hadith]]. He narrated [[hadith of Lowh]], which contains the names of [[twelver Shi'a Imams]] from Prophet Muhammad (s), and also other famous hadiths including [[hadith of Ghadir Khumm]], [[hadith of Thaqalayn]] and [[hadith of the City of Knowledge]]. | ||
Jabir was a true devotee of [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and supporter of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. He was considered a prominent companion of Ahl al-Bayt, from Imam 'Ali (a) to [[Imam Baqir (a)]]. After the [[battle of Karbala]], Jabir was the first one who visited the burial site of [[Imam Husayn (a)]] in [[ | Jabir was a true devotee of [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and supporter of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. He was considered a prominent companion of Ahl al-Bayt, from Imam 'Ali (a) to [[Imam Baqir (a)]]. After the [[battle of Karbala]], Jabir was the first one who visited the burial site of [[Imam Husayn (a)]] in [[Arbaee'n]]. Jabir has also given the salam (greeting) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Imam Baqir (a). | ||
==Kunya and Lineage== | ==Kunya and Lineage== | ||
Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah was the son of Amr, son of Haram ibn | Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah was the son of Amr, son of Haram ibn Ka'b ibn Ghanm ibn Salama; he was from the tribe of [[Khazraj]]. | ||
His father has become a Muslim before Prophet Muhammad (s) migrated to [[Yathrib]]. He took an oath of allegiance in the second pledge at al-Aqabah with Prophet Muhammad (s). He was among the twelve [[Naqibs]] of the Prophet who were chosen as a representative to their own tribes. ‘Abd Allah took part in the [[battle of Badr]] and was martyred in the [[battle of Uhud]]. | His father has become a Muslim before Prophet Muhammad (s) migrated to [[Yathrib]]. He took an oath of allegiance in the second pledge at al-Aqabah with Prophet Muhammad (s). He was among the twelve [[Naqibs]] of the Prophet who were chosen as a representative to their own tribes. ‘Abd Allah took part in the [[battle of Badr]] and was martyred in the [[battle of Uhud]]. | ||
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==Life== | ==Life== | ||
The first evidence on Jabir is related to his attendance in the second pledge at al-Aqabah with his father in 13th A.H. He was the youngest person who witnessed [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu al- | The first evidence on Jabir is related to his attendance in the second pledge at al-Aqabah with his father in 13th A.H. He was the youngest person who witnessed [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu al-Khazraj's]] oath of allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (s). Considering the time of his death and his lifetime, he could have been around 16 on the time. | ||
==Marriage== | ==Marriage== | ||
In the third year after Hijra (A.H) and prior to [[the battle of Dhat al- | In the third year after Hijra (A.H) and prior to [[the battle of Dhat al-Riqa']], Jabir married to a widow called Sumayya, the daughter of Masu'd ibn Aws. He wanted a wife who could take care of her nine sisters, after his father's martyrdom in the battle of Uhud. | ||
Jabir was dealing with financial problems and he had to pay off his | Jabir was dealing with financial problems and he had to pay off his father's debts. On the way back from the battle of Dhat al-Riqa' in 4 (A.H), Prophet Muhammad (s) solved his financial problems and sought for his forgiveness. | ||
==Participation in the Battles== | ==Participation in the Battles== | ||
In his young ages, Jabir attended in a large number of the battles (ghazwa and sariya). The number of the battles he has participated is different in historical reports. As he said, he attended 19 out of 27 ghazwas alongside Prophet Muhammad (s), and also attended several [[sariyas]]. | In his young ages, Jabir attended in a large number of the battles (ghazwa and sariya). The number of the battles he has participated is different in historical reports. As he said, he attended 19 out of 27 ghazwas alongside Prophet Muhammad (s), and also attended several [[sariyas]]. | ||
Jabir did not participate in [[the battle of Uhud]] and Badr in order to obey his | Jabir did not participate in [[the battle of Uhud]] and Badr in order to obey his father's order and manage his crowded family's affairs. Although in a number of historical accounts, he was named as a person who carried water in the battle of Badr. | ||
The battle of | The battle of Hamra' al-Asad, in the 4 (A.H), was the first battle that Jabir has participated in. It took place after the battle of Uhud. As Prophet Muhammad (s) said, only the soldiers attended the battle of Uhud were allowed to participate in this battle. However Jabir was the only exception, after Prophet Muhammad (s) accepted his excuse. | ||
==Relationship with Prophet Muhammad (a)== | ==Relationship with Prophet Muhammad (a)== | ||
According to some of the historical accounts Jabir had a friendly relationship with Prophet Muhammad (s). When Jabir became ill, Prophet went to visit him. | According to some of the historical accounts Jabir had a friendly relationship with Prophet Muhammad (s). When Jabir became ill, Prophet went to visit him. It's said Jabir thought he's going to die then he wanted to divide his bequest to his sisters, so he asked Prophet Muhammad (s) about its rules. However the Prophet promised him a long life and [[the Ayah of Kalalah]] was sent down on the question of Jabir on dividing the bequest. | ||
==The Three Caliphs== | ==The Three Caliphs== | ||
There is no information on Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah attitude toward the first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]]. | There is no information on Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah attitude toward the first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]]. It's probable that he was among [[Ansar]] (Helpers) and [[Muhajirun]] (Emigrants) in Medina. After some time he joined the supporters of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and Ahl al-Bayt. | ||
He was engaged with scientific and educational affairs in that time; he mostly avoided political and military affairs. The only battle he participated was at the beginning of military conquests of Muslims during the reign of the second Caliph, [[Umar ibn Khattab]]. | He was engaged with scientific and educational affairs in that time; he mostly avoided political and military affairs. The only battle he participated was at the beginning of military conquests of Muslims during the reign of the second Caliph, [[Umar ibn Khattab]]. | ||
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Jabir was an [[Arif]] in the time of Umar ibn Khattab. Arif, the chief member of each tribe or clan, were chosen by Caliph as their representative. | Jabir was an [[Arif]] in the time of Umar ibn Khattab. Arif, the chief member of each tribe or clan, were chosen by Caliph as their representative. | ||
Information no | Information no Jabir's activities in the time of the third Caliph are not available. We only know, on the last days of [[Uthman's]] [[caliphate]], when the Egyptians protesters head toward Medina, Jabir and fifty other members of Ansar were ordered by the Caliph to negotiate with protestors and persuade them to return to Egypt. | ||
==Imam ' | ==Imam 'Ali's (a) Caliphate== | ||
Jabir has fought alongside Imam 'Ali (a) in [[the battle of Siffin]]. In the last days of Imam ' | Jabir has fought alongside Imam 'Ali (a) in [[the battle of Siffin]]. In the last days of Imam 'Ali's (a) Caliphate, [[Muawiya]] army attacked and plundered cities, including Medina, to take [[the oath of allegiance]] from people. Busr ibn Arta' was the one who attacked Medina in 40 A.H. to take an oath of allegiance from people including Bani Salameh, the tribe of Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. Jabir thought taking oath of allegiance to Busr ibn Arta' would be going astray. So he hid in Umm Salama's house; she was Prophet Muhammad's wife. Finally in order to avoid bloodshed, Jabir took Umm Salama's advice and took an oath of allegiance to Busr. | ||
==Transferring the Prophet | ==Transferring the Prophet Muhammad's (s) Minbar== | ||
When Muawiya came to power he decided to transfer the [[minbar]] (pulpit) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Damascus in 50 A.H. Jabir was among those who dissuaded him and changed his mind. | When Muawiya came to power he decided to transfer the [[minbar]] (pulpit) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Damascus in 50 A.H. Jabir was among those who dissuaded him and changed his mind. | ||
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==Umayyad Dynasty== | ==Umayyad Dynasty== | ||
Jabir was well aware of [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], so he was annoyed by the wrongdoings and [[ | Jabir was well aware of [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], so he was annoyed by the wrongdoings and [[bid'ahs]] (innovations) of Umayyad. It was so unbearable to him that he wished to become deaf. | ||
[[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] was the governor of [[Hijaz]] from 72 to 75 A.H. He was in Medina for two months, where he treated people with contempt. He also tortured several [[Sahabas]] of Prophet Muhammad (s) including Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. The only reaction of Jabir was changing his behavior toward him. He also said Hajjaj must not attend his [[funeral prayer]]. | [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] was the governor of [[Hijaz]] from 72 to 75 A.H. He was in Medina for two months, where he treated people with contempt. He also tortured several [[Sahabas]] of Prophet Muhammad (s) including Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. The only reaction of Jabir was changing his behavior toward him. He also said Hajjaj must not attend his [[funeral prayer]]. | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
Jabir has lived the last year of his lifetime near the [[ | Jabir has lived the last year of his lifetime near the [[Ka'ba]] in [[Mecca]]. Some members of [[Tabi'un]] including Ata' ibn abi Rabbah and Amru ibn Dinar have met him in that time. Jabir became blind during the last years of his life and then he passed away in Medina. Al-Mizzi gave some reports on the time of Jabir's demise; the times are different from 68 to 79 A.H. According to a group of historians and hadith narrators, Jabir has passed away in 78 A.H at the age of 94. It's said Aban ibn Uthman, the governor of Medina, performed the funeral prayer on his body. | ||
If we consider the time of settlement of Hajjaj and Jabir in Medina, it seems Jabir has passed away after 74 A.H. | If we consider the time of settlement of Hajjaj and Jabir in Medina, it seems Jabir has passed away after 74 A.H. | ||
==Children== | ==Children== | ||
Abd al-Rahman, Muhammad, Mahmud, Abd Allah and Aqil are the names of Jabir ibn Abd | Abd al-Rahman, Muhammad, Mahmud, Abd Allah and Aqil are the names of Jabir ibn Abd Allah's children. | ||
Some historical accounts mentioned a number of descendants of Jabir who were settling in Africa (Tunisia) and Bukhara. Also several descendants of Jabir settled in Iran including Shaykh Morteza Ansari, the most notable one, who is a prominent contemporary Shi'a scholar in fiqh and Usul. | Some historical accounts mentioned a number of descendants of Jabir who were settling in Africa (Tunisia) and Bukhara. Also several descendants of Jabir settled in Iran including Shaykh Morteza Ansari, the most notable one, who is a prominent contemporary Shi'a scholar in fiqh and Usul. | ||
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Jabir has narrated a great deal of hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s), hence he is considered the guardian of [[Sunnah]] and a [[mukthir]], a person who has narrated abundant number of hadith. His narration of hadith is considered as one of the highest referred ones among Islamic sects in [[narration]], [[Sirah]] and history. Jabir was also knowledgeable in fiqh and he issued fatwa. Therefore, Al-Dhahabi identified him as [[mujtahid]] and [[faqih]] (jurist). | Jabir has narrated a great deal of hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s), hence he is considered the guardian of [[Sunnah]] and a [[mukthir]], a person who has narrated abundant number of hadith. His narration of hadith is considered as one of the highest referred ones among Islamic sects in [[narration]], [[Sirah]] and history. Jabir was also knowledgeable in fiqh and he issued fatwa. Therefore, Al-Dhahabi identified him as [[mujtahid]] and [[faqih]] (jurist). | ||
In addition to narrating hadith directly from Prophet Muhammad (s), Jabir also has narrated hadith from Sahabah and | In addition to narrating hadith directly from Prophet Muhammad (s), Jabir also has narrated hadith from Sahabah and Tabi'un. He has narrated hadith from [[Ali ibn Abi Talib (a)]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], [[Mu'adh ibn Jabal]] and [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]]. | ||
Jabir was so immersed in learning theology that he travelled to [[Sham]] in order to acquire hadith from Sahabah. | Jabir was so immersed in learning theology that he travelled to [[Sham]] in order to acquire hadith from Sahabah. | ||
This enthusiasm led Jabir to live the last years of his life near | This enthusiasm led Jabir to live the last years of his life near Ka'ba. He fairly analyzed hadiths and avoided any biased comment or attitude in narrating [[hadith]] and [[khabar]]. For example, he stated how narrators of [[Khazraj]] have distorted a hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) on admiring the judgment of Sa'd ibn Mu'ad on [[Banu Qurayza]]; Sa'd ibn Mu'ad was the chief member of [[Banu Aws]]. | ||
[[Imam Baqir (a)]] directly and Imam Sadiq (a) and Imam Kazim (a) indirectly have narrated hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. | [[Imam Baqir (a)]] directly and Imam Sadiq (a) and Imam Kazim (a) indirectly have narrated hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. | ||
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===Teaching circle=== | ===Teaching circle=== | ||
Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah had a teaching circle in the mosque of Prophet Muhammad (s). He also dictated hadiths and taught a number of | Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah had a teaching circle in the mosque of Prophet Muhammad (s). He also dictated hadiths and taught a number of Tabi'un. Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, Ata' ibn Abi Rabah, Mujahid ibn Jabr, Amr ibn Dinar, Amir ibn Sharahil al-Sha'bi and Hasan al-Basri have narrated hadiths from Jabir ibn Abd Allah. | ||
===Mufti of Medina=== | ===Mufti of Medina=== | ||
According to classification of Ibn | According to classification of Ibn Sa'd in [[Al-Tabaqat al-Kabir]], Jabir was not among [[Muftis]] and scholar of [[fatwa]]; however [[al-Dhahabi]] identified him as Mufti of Medina. | ||
Musa ibn Ali ibn Muhammad Amir has obtained a complete report of | Musa ibn Ali ibn Muhammad Amir has obtained a complete report of Jabir's opinion in fiqh from different narration sources. It was published under the name of Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah and Fiqh. | ||
===Tafsir of Quran=== | ===Tafsir of Quran=== | ||
Numerous quotations were narrated from Jabir on [[Tafsir]] (interpretation) of Quran, which are alike in many ways with Tafsir of | Numerous quotations were narrated from Jabir on [[Tafsir]] (interpretation) of Quran, which are alike in many ways with Tafsir of Shia' on several verses. | ||
===In Twelver | ===In Twelver Shia's Sources=== | ||
Jabir is admired in twelver Shi'a [[rijal]] sources. Because Jabir was praised in well-known hadiths, his reliability is accepted in Shi'a sources. | Jabir is admired in twelver Shi'a [[rijal]] sources. Because Jabir was praised in well-known hadiths, his reliability is accepted in Shi'a sources. | ||
He is regarded Sahaba (companion) of [[Ahl al-Bayt]], including Imam 'Ali (a) to Imam Baqir (a). When Jabir has passed away [[Muhammad ibn Ali (a)]] was only a child or a teenager; in the time of Ali ibn | He is regarded Sahaba (companion) of [[Ahl al-Bayt]], including Imam 'Ali (a) to Imam Baqir (a). When Jabir has passed away [[Muhammad ibn Ali (a)]] was only a child or a teenager; in the time of Ali ibn Husayn's (a) [[Imamah]]. Thus Jabir cannot be considered as sahaba of Imam Baqir (a). | ||
Although Jabir was not a supporter of Imam 'Ali (a) in [[Saqifa]], after some time he joined Imam 'Ali (a) and remained a true supporter of him. Al-Kashshi considered him one of the members of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]] who were a group of devoted fighters dedicated their lives to Imam 'Ali (a). | Although Jabir was not a supporter of Imam 'Ali (a) in [[Saqifa]], after some time he joined Imam 'Ali (a) and remained a true supporter of him. Al-Kashshi considered him one of the members of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]] who were a group of devoted fighters dedicated their lives to Imam 'Ali (a). | ||
Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah considered Imam 'Ali (a) as the criterion for judgment. He advised Ansar to teach their children about the characteristics of Imam 'Ali (a). | Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah considered Imam 'Ali (a) as the criterion for judgment. He advised Ansar to teach their children about the characteristics of Imam 'Ali (a). Jabir's famous quotation on Imam 'Ali (a) is: “Ali (a) Khayr al-Bashar (Ali (a) is among the best mankind)”, which inspired Ja'far ibn Ahmad Qummi, Shia' author, to narrate one third of his hadith from Jabir ibn Abd Allah in his book Nawadir al-athar fi ala khayr al-Bashar. | ||
==Love of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ==Love of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ||
===The Battle of Karbala and Jabir== | ===The Battle of Karbala and Jabir== | ||
At the time of [[the battle of Karbala]], Jabir was an old man living in Medina. Imam Husayn (a) introduced him as his witness, when he was giving a speech to [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]] | At the time of [[the battle of Karbala]], Jabir was an old man living in Medina. Imam Husayn (a) introduced him as his witness, when he was giving a speech to [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]'s soldiers. Jabir was the first one who visited Karbala, in [[Arba'een]]. | ||
===Supporting Imam al-Sajjad (a)=== | ===Supporting Imam al-Sajjad (a)=== | ||
At the beginning of Ali ibn | At the beginning of Ali ibn Husayn's (a) [[Imamah]], Imam had only few companions including Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah. Due to his old age, Jabir was not prosecuted by [[Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]. | ||
===Meeting with Imam Baqir (a)=== | ===Meeting with Imam Baqir (a)=== | ||
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According to the sources of Sunni Muslims, Jabir has narrated 1540 hadith, [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]] both accord with 58 hadiths. [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] has collected hadiths which were narrated by Jabir. According to Abu Abd al-Rahman ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal, the hand written [[musnad]] (collection of hadith) of Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah is preserved in Morocco, al-Khazanah of Rabat, which is probably hadiths narrated by Jabir in musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Husayn Wathiqi also has collected the narrations of Jabir from Shi'a sources and published them in the book Jabir ibn Abd Allah Ansari life and musnad. | According to the sources of Sunni Muslims, Jabir has narrated 1540 hadith, [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]] both accord with 58 hadiths. [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] has collected hadiths which were narrated by Jabir. According to Abu Abd al-Rahman ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal, the hand written [[musnad]] (collection of hadith) of Jabir ibn ‘Abd Allah is preserved in Morocco, al-Khazanah of Rabat, which is probably hadiths narrated by Jabir in musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Husayn Wathiqi also has collected the narrations of Jabir from Shi'a sources and published them in the book Jabir ibn Abd Allah Ansari life and musnad. | ||
[[Sahifa of Jabir]] is the most important work of Jabir, which is an example among the oldest works on hadith which was collected by Sulayman ibn Qeys Yashkari. Because Sulayman died untimely, other narrators have quoted hadith from Sahifa without [[qira'a]] and [[ | [[Sahifa of Jabir]] is the most important work of Jabir, which is an example among the oldest works on hadith which was collected by Sulayman ibn Qeys Yashkari. Because Sulayman died untimely, other narrators have quoted hadith from Sahifa without [[qira'a]] and [[sama']]. Shahid Ali Pasha collection contains an edition of Sahifa which is situated in the Suleymaniye library of [[Istanbul]]. | ||