Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari

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Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari
Al-Baqi' cemetery where Jabir is buried
Al-Baqi' cemetery where Jabir is buried
Personal Information
Full NameJābir b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ansāri
TeknonymAbu 'Abd Allah
LineageKhazraj
Muhajir/AnsarAnsar
Place(s) of ResidenceMedina, and about one year in Mecca
Death/MartyrdomBetween 68/687-8 and 79/698-9
Burial PlaceMedina
Religious Information
Presence at ghazwasParticipation in 19 ghazwa of prophet (s) out of 27
WorksMusnad Jabir, Sahifat Jabir


Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ansārī (Arabic: جابر بن عبدالله الأنصاري) was a companion of Prophet Muhammad (s), he took an oath of allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (s) in the second Pledge at al-'Aqaba. Jabir had a friendly relationship with Prophet Muhammad (s). He attended a large number of battles (ghazwa and sariyya) in his life.

Jabir has narrated a great deal of hadith. He narrated hadith of Lawh, which contains the names of twelve Shi'a Imams narrated from Prophet Muhammad (s), and also other famous hadiths including hadith of Ghadir Khumm, hadith of Thaqalayn and hadith of the City of Knowledge.

Jabir was a true devotee of Ahl al-Bayt (a) and supporter of Imam 'Ali (a). He was considered a prominent companion of Ahl al-Bayt (a), from Imam 'Ali (a) to Imam al-Baqir (a). After the Event of Karbala, Jabir was the first one who visited the burial site of Imam al-Husayn (a) in the Day of Arba'in. Jabir has also given the salam (greeting) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Imam al-Baqir (a).

Life and Lineage

Jabir b. 'Abd Allah was the son of 'Amr, son of Haram b. Ka'b b. Ghanm b. Salama, and from the tribe of Khazraj.[1]

The first evidence on Jabir is related to his attendance in the second Pledge of al-'Aqaba with his father in 1 BH/622. He was the youngest person who witnessed Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj's oath of allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (s). Considering the time of his death and his lifetime, he could have been around 16 on the time.

His father was among the twelve naqibs of the Prophet (s) who were chosen as a representative to their own tribes. 'Abd Allah took part in the Battle of Badr and was martyred in the Battle of Uhud[2].

Due to the number of his children, different kunyas were attributed to Jabir; "Abu 'Abd Allah" is considered the most famous kunya of Jabir[3].

According to some of the historical accounts, Jabir had a friendly relationship with Prophet Muhammad (s). The Prophet promised him a long life. Answering the question of Jabir on dividing the bequest a verse was sent down to the Prophet (s) which is known as the al-Kalala verse.[4].[5]

Marriage and Children

In the third year after Hijra and before the Battle of Dhat al-Riqa', Jabir married a widow called Suhayma, the daughter of Mas'ud b. Aws.[6]

'Abd al-Rahman, Muhammad[7], Mahmud, 'Abd Allah[8] and 'Aqil[9] are the names of Jabir's children.

Some historical accounts mentioned a number of Jabir's descendants who were settling in Africa (around Tunisia)[10] and Bukhara[11]. Also several descendants of Jabir settled in Iran, the most important of which is Shaykh Murtada Ansari who is a prominent contemporary Shi'a scholar in fiqh and usul[12].

Participation in the Battles

At a young age, Jabir attended a large number of battles (ghazwa and sariyya). The number of the battles he has participated is different in historical reports. As he said, he attended 19 out of 27 ghazwas alongside Prophet Muhammad (s),[13] and also attended several sariyyas.[14]

Jabir did not participate in the battles of Uhud and Badr[15] to obey his father's order and manage his crowded family's affairs. Although in some historical accounts, he was named as a person who carried water in the Battle of Badr.[16]

In the Time of the Three Caliphs

There is no information on Jabir b. 'Abd Allah attitude toward the first caliph, Abu Bakr.[17] It's probable that he was among Ansar (Helpers) and Muhajirun (Emigrants) in Medina. After some time he joined the supporters of Imam 'Ali (a) and Ahl al-Bayt (a).

He was engaged with scientific and educational affairs; he mostly avoided political and military affairs. The only battle he participated in was at the beginning of military conquests of Muslims during the reign of the second Caliph, 'Umar b. al-Khattab.

In a historical account, Jabir has explained his participation in Khalid b. Walid's army, when they surrounded Damascus. However, it is not clear whether Jabir was engaged in conquering Iraq or he joined them in other regions.[18]

Jabir was an 'Arif in the time of 'Umar b. al-Khattab.[19] 'Arif, the chief member of each tribe or clan, was chosen by the caliph as the mutual connector between the caliph and the tribe.

There is very little information about Jabir's activities in the time of the third Caliph. We only know, on the last days of Uthman's caliphate, when the Egyptian protesters head toward Medina, Jabir and fifty other members of Ansar were ordered by the Caliph to negotiate with the protestors and persuade them to return to Egypt.[20]

Imam 'Ali's (a) Caliphate

Jabir has fought alongside Imam 'Ali (a) in the Battle of Siffin.[21] In the last days of Imam 'Ali's (a) caliphate, Mu'awiya army attacked and plundered cities, including Medina, to take the oath of allegiance from people. Busr b. Artat was the one who attacked Medina in 40/660-1 to take an oath of allegiance from people including Banu Salama, the tribe of Jabir. Jabir thought taking an oath of allegiance to Busr b. Artat would be going astray. So he hid in Umm Salama's house, Prophet Muhammad's wife. Finally, to avoid bloodshed, Jabir took Umm Salama's advice and took an oath of allegiance to Busr.[22]

Umayyad Dynasty

Jabir was well aware of Qur'an and sunna, so he was annoyed by the wrongdoings and bid'as (innovations) of Umayyads. It was so unbearable to him that he wished to become deaf not to hear the news of bid'as.[23]

When Mu'awiya came to power he decided to transfer the minbar (pulpit) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Damascus in 50/670-1. Jabir was among those who dissuaded him and changed his mind.[24]

Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf was the governor of Hijaz from 72/691-2 to 75/694-5. He went to Medina in 74/693-4 and stayed there for two months, where he treated people with contempt. He also tortured several Companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) including Jabir b. 'Abd Allah.[25] The only reaction of Jabir was changing his behavior toward him.[26] He also said al-Hajjaj must not attend his funeral prayer.[27]

Travels

Jabir traveled to Egypt in 50/670-1 where a number of Egyptians have narrated hadith from him.[28] Maslama b. Mukhallad al-Ansari, a tribal member of Jabir, was the governor of Egypt at that time. As Ibn Manda said in his accounts, Jabir traveled to Syria and Egypt along with Maslama.[29]

According to hadith sources, Jabir traveled to Syria in the time of Mu'awiya to acquire a hadith on qisas (retaliation) from 'Abd Allah b. Unays,[30] but Mu'awiya ignored him. Jabir was upset, so he refused a 600 Dinar gift from Mu'awiya and returned to Medina.[31]

Narration

Jabir has narrated a great deal of hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s), hence he is considered the guardian of sunna and a mukthir (a person who has narrated abundant number of hadith).[32] His narrations are considered as one of the highest referred ones among Islamic sects in narration, sira and history. Jabir was also knowledgeable in fiqh and he has being issued fatwa.[33] Therefore, al-Dhahabi identified him as mujtahid and faqih (jurist).[34]

In addition to narrating hadith directly from Prophet Muhammad (s), Jabir also has narrated hadith from Companions and Followers. He has narrated hadith from 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), Ammar b. Yasir, Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah, Mu'adh b. Jabal, and Abu Sa'id al-Khudri.[35]

Jabir was so immersed in learning theology that he traveled to Syria in order to acquire hadith from one of Companions.[36] This enthusiasm led Jabir to live the last years of his life in Mecca.[37] He fairly analyzed hadiths and avoided any biased comment or attitude in narrating hadith.[38]

Imam al-Baqir (a) directly, and Imam al-Sadiq (a) and Imam al-Kazim (a) indirectly have narrated hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Jabir b. 'Abd Allah.[39]

Jabir has narrated well-known hadiths of Shi'a, including hadith al-Ghadir,[40] hadith al-Thaqalayn,[41] hadith of the City of Knowledge,[42] Hadith al-Manzila,[43] hadith Radd al-Shams[44] and hadith Sadd al-Abwab.[45]

Jabir has also narrated hadith al-Lawh, a famous and important hadith in which Prophet Muhammad (s) has declared the names of twelve Imams and described Imam al-Mahdi (a).[46] It is regarded as the most well-known hadith that Jabir has narrated from Prophet Muhammad (s).

Teaching Circle

Jabir b. 'Abd Allah had a teaching circle in the al-Masjid al-Nabawi. He also dictated hadiths and taught a number of Tabi'un. Sa'id b. al-Musayyib, Hasan b. Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, 'Ata' b. Abi Rabah, Mujahid b. Jabr, 'Amr b. Dinar, 'Amir b. Sharahil al-Sha'bi and Hasan al-Basri[47] have narrated hadiths from Jabir b. 'Abd Allah.[48]

Jurist of Medina

Al-Dhahabi identified him as the jurist of Medina.[49] Musa b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Amir has obtained a complete report of Jabir's opinion in fiqh from different narration sources. It was published under the name of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah wa fiqhihi.

Tafsir of Quran

Numerous quotations were narrated from Jabir on tafsir (interpretation) of Qur'an,[50] which are alike in many ways with Tafsir of Shi'a on some verses.

In Shi'a Sources

Jabir is admired in twelver Shi'a rijal sources. Because Jabir was praised in well-known hadiths, his reliability is accepted in Shi'a sources.[51]

He is regarded as a companion of Ahl al-Bayt (a), including Imam 'Ali (a), Imam al-Hasan (a), Imam al-Husayn (a), Imam al-Sajjad (a), and Imam al-Baqir (a).[52] But it should be noticed that when Jabir has passed away in the time of 'Ali b. Husayn's (a) imamate, Muhammad b. 'Ali (a) was only a child or a teenager. Thus Jabir cannot be considered as a companion of Imam al-Baqir (a).[53]

Although Jabir was not a supporter of Imam 'Ali (a) in the Event of al-Saqifa, after some time he joined Imam 'Ali (a) and remained a true supporter of him.[54] Al-Kashshi considered him one of the members of Shurtat al-Khamis who were a group of devoted fighters who dedicated their lives to Imam 'Ali (a).[55]

Works

According to the sources of Sunni Muslims, Jabir has narrated 540 hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim both accord with 58 hadiths.[56] Ahmad b. Hanbal has collected hadiths which were narrated by Jabir in his Musnad.[57] According to 'Abd Allah b. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Hanbal, the hand-written musnad (collection of hadith) of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah is preserved in al-Khazanat al-Rabat in Morocco, which is probably hadiths narrated by Jabir in Musnad Ahmad b. Hanbal.[58]

Husayn Wathiqi also has collected the narrations of Jabir from Shi'a sources and published them in the book Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari, hayatuhu wa musnaduh (his life and musnad).

Sahifat Jabir is the most important work of Jabir, which is an example among the oldest works on hadith which was collected by Sulayman b. Qays al-Yashkuri. Because Sulayman died untimely, other narrators have quoted hadith from the book without qira'a and sama' (narrated from the text not directly hearing from Sulayman).[59] Shahid Ali Pasha collection contains an edition of the sahifa which is situated in the Sulaymaniyya Library of Istanbul.[60]

Relation with Ahl al-Bayt (a)

Advice for Loving 'Ali (a)

Jabir b. 'Abd Allah considered Imam 'Ali (a) as the criterion for judgment at the time of the Prophet (s), and hypocrites are got known by their hate towards 'Ali (a).[61] He advised Ansar to grow their children with the love of 'Ali (a). He said that whoever does not recognize 'Ali (a) as the best humankind, he has done ingratitude towards God. Jabir's famous quotation on Imam 'Ali (a) is: "'Ali (a) is the best mankind", inspired Ja'far b. Ahmad al-Qummi, Shi'a author, to narrate one-third of his hadith from Jabir in his book Nawadir al-athar fi 'Ali khayr al-bashar.[62]

Battle of Karbala

At the time of the Event of Karbala, Jabir was an old man living in Medina. Giving a speech to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's soldiers, Imam al-Husayn (a) introduced him as his witness. Jabir was the first one who visited Karbala, in Arba'in.[63]

Supporting Imam al-Sajjad (a)

At the beginning of 'Ali b. al-Husayn's (a) imamate, Imam had only a few companions including Jabir b. 'Abd Allah. Due to his old age, Jabir was not prosecuted by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf.

Meeting with Imam al-Baqir (a)

According to historical accounts, Prophet Muhammad (s) told Jabir:

"You will have a long life so that you will meet one of my descendants whose name will be my name; he is called Revealer of Knowledge. When you meet him, send my salam (greetings) to him."[64]

Thus Jabir was eagerly looking for him. Sometimes he calls "O! the revealer of knowledge" in the Masjid al-Nabi. Finally, he found Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), who was a teenager; he recalled the saying of the Prophet (s), kissed al-Baqir (a) and sent the salam (greetings) of Prophet Muhammad (s) to him.[65]

Demise

Jabir has lived the last year of his lifetime near the Ka'ba in Mecca and then passed away in Medina.[66] Al-Mizzi[67] gave some reports on the time of Jabir's demise; the reports are different from 68/687-8 to 79/698-9. According to a group of historians and hadith narrators, Jabir passed away in 78/697-8 at the age of 94. It's said that Aban b. 'Uthman, the governor of Medina, performed the funeral prayer on his body.[68]

Regarding the fact that at the time that al-Hajjaj settled in Medina, Jabir was there, it seems Jabir passed away after 74/693-4.

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 104-105; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 208.
  2. ↑ Baladhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 286.
  3. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 220.
  4. ↑ Qur'an 4:176.
  5. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, under the verse 176.
  6. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 104-105; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 4, p. 99-100.
  7. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, p. 307.
  8. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansān al-ʿarab, p. 359.
  9. ↑ Mizzī, Tahdhib al-kamāl, vol. 4, p. 446.
  10. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansān al-ʿarab, p. 359.
  11. ↑ Ibn Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, vol. 10, p. 545.
  12. ↑ Qumī, Tuḥfat al-aḥbāb, p. 40.
  13. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 214, 216-217.
  14. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh Ṭabarī, vol. 3, p. 32-33.
  15. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, p. 307.
  16. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 216-217.
  17. ↑ Kashshī, al-Rijāl, p. 38.
  18. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 192.
  19. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 194.
  20. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 44-45; Baladhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 193.
  21. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 46; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 1, p. 232.
  22. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 235; Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, vol. 2, p. 602-607.
  23. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 235; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 193.
  24. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 239.
  25. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 6, p. 195.
  26. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 234.
  27. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 435.
  28. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 213-214.
  29. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 213-214.
  30. ↑ Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad, vol. 3, p. 495.
  31. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 318-319.
  32. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 2, p. 127; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 220.
  33. ↑ Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyya, Iʿlām al-mawqiʿīn, vol. 1, p. 12.
  34. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 189.
  35. ↑ See: Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 208-209; Mizzī, Tahdhib al-kamāl, vol. 4, p. 444.
  36. ↑ Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, al-Riḥla fī ṭalab al-ḥadīth, p. 109-118.
  37. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 191.
  38. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 378.
  39. ↑ See: Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 532; vol. 2, p. 373; vol. 3, p. 233; vol. 5, p. 528.
  40. ↑ Amīnī, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 57-60.
  41. ↑ Ṣaffār al-Qummī, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt, p. 414.
  42. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 2, p. 34.
  43. ↑ Ṣadūq, Maʿānī l-akhbār, p. 74.
  44. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 1, p. 345-346.
  45. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 2, p. 189-190.
  46. ↑ Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn, vol. 1, p. 258-259.
  47. ↑ See: Mizzī, Tahdhib al-kamāl, vol. 4, p. 444-448; Wāthiqī, Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh, p. 108-118.
  48. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 11, p. 233; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 435.
  49. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 190.
  50. ↑ See: Qurṭubī, al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 112, 302; vol. 4, p. 155, 166.
  51. ↑ Khoei, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 4, p. 12, 15.
  52. ↑ Ṭūsī, Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl, p. 59, 93, 99, 111, 129.
  53. ↑ Khoei, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 4, p. 16.
  54. ↑ Kashshī, al-Rijāl, p. 38.
  55. ↑ Kashshī, al-Rijāl, p. 5.
  56. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 194.
  57. ↑ Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad, vol. 3, p. 292-400.
  58. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 2, p. 104.
  59. ↑ Khaṭīb Baghdādī, al-Kifāya, p. 392; Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, vol. 1, p. 85.
  60. ↑ ʿAbd al-Raḥān Khalaf, Istidrākāt ʿalā tārīkh al-turāth al-ʿarabī, p. 32.
  61. ↑ Kashshī, al-Rijāl, p. 40-41.
  62. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 2, p. 525.
  63. ↑ Ṭūsī, Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid, p. 787.
  64. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 304.
  65. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 469-470.
  66. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 191-192.
  67. ↑ Mizzī, Tahdhib al-kamāl, vol. 4, p. 443-454.
  68. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, p. 307.

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