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Farwa b. Nawfal al-Ashja'i

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Farwa b. Nawfal al-Ashja'i was a hadith narrator and one of Imam Ali’s (a) companions in the Battle of Siffin. After the Arbitration, he joined the Kharijites. He left the battlefield during the Battle of Nahrawan with 500 of his followers. After the martyrdom of Imam Ali (a), he fought against Mu'awiya. Eventually, Mu'awiyah defeated his forces with the help of the people of Kufa, and Farwa b.Nawfal was killed in 45 AH.

Introduction and Status

According to some researchers, Farwah b.Nawfal al-Ashja'i, a resident of Kufa,[1] was a hadith narrator[2] and one of the Tabi'un.[3] He narrated hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) and Imam Ali (a) as well as from some Companions.[4] There is a difference of opinion regarding whether Farwa was a companion of the Prophet (s).[5] According to some sources, Farwah b.Nawfal was among Imam Ali’s (a) companions in the Battle of Siffin, where he fought against Mu'awiya in support of the Imam (a).[6]

From a Companion of Imam Ali (a) to a Leader of the Kharijites

According to Rasul Ja'farian, a Shi'a historian, during the Arbitration Incident, Farwah b. Nawfal was among those who approached Imam Ali (a) and requested that Abu Musa al-Ash’ari not be selected for arbitration.[7] However, after the arbitration and the selection of Abu Musa, Farwa distanced himself from Imam Ali (a) and joined the Kharijites, becoming one of their prominent figures.[8] According to Baladhuri in Ansab al-Ashraf, Farwah b. Nawfal left the battlefield during the Battle of Nahrawan with 500 of his followers[9] and declared that he could not understand why one would fight Imam Ali (a), the wali of Allah, the Prophet’s successor, and his cousin.[10] He believed that, upon reaching a conclusion, there were two options: obey Imam Ali (a) or oppose him.[11]

Historical sources report that after the martyrdom of Imam Ali (a), Farwah b.Nawfal believed that, since the caliphate of Imam Hasan (a) was handed over to Mu'awiya, there was no doubt about the necessity of jihad against Mu'awiya.[12] After Mu'awiyah sought help from Imam Hasan (a) and was refused, he sent an army from Sham to confront Farwa b. Nawfal, but they were defeated.[13] Mu'awiya then forced the people of Kufa to fight the Kharijites,[14] and eventually, Farwa b. Nawfal was killed in 45 AH.[15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb Amīr al-Muʾminīn, Vol. 2, p. 467.
  2. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 4, p. 291; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 2, p. 265.
  3. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb Amīr al-Muʾminīn, Vol. 2, p. 467.
  4. ↑ Nāẓimzāda Qummī, Aṣḥāb Imām ʿAlī (a), vol. 2, p. 952.
  5. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 5, p. 280.
  6. ↑ Minqarī, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, p. 286.
  7. ↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Aʾimma, p. 104.
  8. ↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Aʾimma, p. 104.
  9. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 371.
  10. ↑ Aʿtham Kūfī, al-Futūḥ, p. 745.
  11. ↑ Nāẓimzāda Qummī, Aṣḥāb Imām ʿAlī (a), vol. 2, p. 952.
  12. ↑ Nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-ʾarab, vol. 20, p. 272; Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, al-Kāmil, vol. 3, p. 409.
  13. ↑ Nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-ʾarab, vol. 20, p. 273.
  14. ↑ Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, al-Kāmil, vol. 3, p. 409; Nāẓimzāda Qummī, Aṣḥāb Imām ʿAlī (a), vol. 2, p. 952.
  15. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb Amīr al-Muʾminīn, Vol. 2, p. 467.

References

  • Aʿtham Kūfī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Futūḥ. Translated by Muḥammad b. Aḥmad Mustawfī. Edited by Ghulām Riḍā Ṭabāṭabāʾī Majd. Tehran: Sāzmān-i Intishārāt wa Āmūzish-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1372 Sh.
  • Amīnī, Muḥammad Hādī. Aṣḥāb Amīr al-Muʾminīn wa al-ruwāt ʿanh. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1412 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
  • Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Aʾimma. 6th edition. Qom: Anṣārīyān, 1381 Sh.
  • Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH.
  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. [n.p]: [n.n], 1410 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
  • Minqarī, Naṣr b. Muzāhim. Waqʿat Ṣiffīn. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Qom: Maktabat Āyatullāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH.
  • Nāẓimzāda Qummī, Sayyid Aṣghar. Aṣḥāb Imām ʿAlī (a). Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb, 1387 Sh.
  • Nuwayrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Nihāyat al-ʾarab fī funūn al-ʾadab. 1st edition. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathāʾiq al-Qawmīyya, 1423 AH.
  • Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn al-. Mustadrak al-wasāʾil wa musṭanbit al-wasā'il. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt (a), [n.d].
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