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Nakithun

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Al-Nākithūn, (Arabic:الناکِثون, lit: the violators) refers to those who pledged allegiance to Imam Ali (a) at the beginning of his caliphate but broke their pledge and ignited the Battle of Jamal.[1] The most prominent individuals among this group were Talha and Zubayr,[2] who, according to sources, distanced themselves from Imam Ali (a) due to the fulfillment of their power-seeking ambitions — such as sharing in governance — not being met.[3][4] Accompanied by Aisha and under the pretext of avenging Uthman, they organized an army to confront Imam Ali (a) and launched the Battle of Jamal.[5]

According to Muhammadi Rayshahri (d. 2022), a Shia hadith scholar, the behavior of this group caused some ordinary people — who sought the truth in well-known figures — to fall into doubt. It was in response to such individuals that Imam Ali (a) uttered the famous saying: "Truth is not known through individuals. Know the truth, and you will know its people."[6]

According to a narration transmitted in both Shia and Sunni sources, the Prophet (s) prophetically informed Imam Ali (a) that he would fight three groups: al-Nakithin (the Covenant-Breakers), al-Qasitin (the Deviators), and al-Mariqin (the Renegades).[7] According to the narration in Waq'at Siffin, during the Battle of Siffin, while confronting the Syrian army, Imam Ali (a) referred to this prophecy of the Prophet (s) and stated that he had fought against al-Nākithīn in accordance with his command.[8]

In Nahj al-balagha, the Nakithin are discussed in twenty sermons — such as al-Shiqshiqiyya Sermon[9] and Sermon 75[10]— as well as in three letters and one aphorism.[11] Some hadiths refer to the Prophet's (s) curse upon the Nākithīn.[12] The supplication of Nudba also mentions Imam Ali's (a) battle against the Nākithīn.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Khātamī, Kāwushī dar Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 1, p. 358.
  2. ↑ Khātamī, Kāwushī dar Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 1, p. 358.
  3. ↑ Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, Nahj al-Balāgha, Hikmat 202, p. 505.
  4. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa al-Siyāsa, vol. 1, p. 71.
  5. ↑ Mufīd, al-Jamal, p. 229.
  6. ↑ Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), vol. 4, p. 499-500.
  7. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 30, p. 588.
  8. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 3, p. 77; Naṣr b. Muzāhim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, p. 338.
  9. ↑ Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, Nahj al-Balāgha, Khutba 3, p. 49.
  10. ↑ Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, Nahj al-Balāgha, Khutba 75, p. 103.
  11. ↑ Khazʿalī, "Nākithīn, Qāsiṭīn wa Māriqīn dar Nahj al-Balāgha, p. 398.
  12. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 606; Majlisī, Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 32, p. 127; Kūfī, Tafsīr Furāt al-Kūfī, p. 141.
  13. ↑ Majlisī, Zād al-Maʿād, p. 305.

References

  • Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Aʿtham. Kitāb al-Futūḥ. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwaʾ, 1411 AH-1991.
  • Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha. 1st edition. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH.
  • Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim. Al-Imāma wa al-Siyāsa. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1st ed., 1410 AH.
  • Khātamī, Sayyid Aḥmad. "Kāwushī dar Nahj al-balāgha." In Majmūʿa-yi Maqālāt va Sukhanrānī-hā dar Kungira-yi Bayn al-Milalī-yi Ḥazāra-yi Nahj al-Balāgha. Qom: Bunyād-i Nahj al-Balāgha, vol. 1, [n.d].
  • Khazʿalī, Abū l-Qāsim. "Nākithīn, Qāsiṭīn wa Māriqīn dar Nahj al-Balāgha." In Majmūʿa-yi Maqālāt va Sukhanrānī-hā dar Kungira-yi Bayn al-Milalī-yi Ḥazāra-yi Nahj al-Balāgha. vol. 1, [n.d].
  • Kūfī, Furāt b. Ibrāhīm. Tafsīr Furāt al-Kūfī. Edited by Muḥammad Kāẓim. Tehran: Muʾassisat al-Ṭabʿ wa al-Nashr fī Wizārat al-Irshād al-Islāmī, 1st ed., 1410 AH.
  • Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Al-Jamal wa al-Nuṣra li-Sayyid al-ʿItra fī Ḥarb al-Baṣra. Edited by ʿAlī Mīrsharīfī. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh Mufīd, 1st ed., 1413 SH.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Al-Amālī. Tehran: Kitābchī, 6th ed., 1376 SH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Zād al-Maʿād - Miftāḥ al-Janān. Edited by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aʿlamī. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī lil-Maṭbūʿāt, 1st ed., 1423 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-Anwār. Edited by a group of researchers. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2nd ed., 1403 AH.
  • Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Muḥammad. Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a) bar Pāya-yi Qurʾān, Ḥadīth wa Tārīkh. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, Vol. 4, 1st ed., 1386 SH.
  • Naṣr b. Muzāhim Minqarī. Waqʿat Ṣiffīn. 2nd edition. Cairo: al-Muʾassisa al-ʿArabīyya al-Ḥadītha, 1382 AH.
  • Sayyid Raḍī, Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. Nahj al-Balāgha. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Qom: Hijrat, 1st ed., 1414 AH.
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