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Haram (holy site): Difference between revisions
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{{main|Al-Haram al-Makki}} | {{main|Al-Haram al-Makki}} | ||
[[File:Ka'ba.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Ka'ba located at the center of al-Haram al-Makki in Hijaz]] | [[File:Ka'ba.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Ka'ba located at the center of al-Haram al-Makki in Hijaz]] | ||
[[Al-Haram al-Makki]] is the most famous example of the word "Haram". People who belong to this area are called ''Hirmi'' (people of Haram) and those who enter this place and put on [[Ihram]] are called [[Muhrim]]. The area outside of Haram is called ''Hill''.<ref> Farahidi, Khalil b. Ahmad. ''Kitab al-'iyn''. undre the word "حرم"; Ibn athir. al-Nihaya. under the word "حرم"</ref> [[Holiness]] of the Haram of [[Mecca]] has a very long history. According to a [[hadith]] by [[the Prophet (s)]], this area has become Haram since the creation of skies and the earth and according to another hadith, [[Dahw al-Ard]] (expansion of earth) began from the place of al-Haram al-Makki.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 270; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | [[Al-Haram al-Makki]] is the most famous example of the word "Haram". People who belong to this area are called ''Hirmi'' (people of Haram) and those who enter this place and put on [[Ihram]] are called [[Muhrim]]. The area outside of Haram is called ''Hill''.<ref> Farahidi, Khalil b. Ahmad. ''Kitab al-'iyn''. undre the word "حرم"; Ibn athir. al-Nihaya. under the word "حرم"</ref> [[Holiness]] of the Haram of [[Mecca]] has a very long history. According to a [[hadith]] by [[the Prophet (s)]], this area has become Haram since the creation of skies and the earth and according to another hadith, [[Dahw al-Ard]] (expansion of earth) began from the place of al-Haram al-Makki.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 270; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 241; al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 13. p. 241-242</ref> | ||
=== The History of al-Haram al-Makki === | === The History of al-Haram al-Makki === | ||
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Some exegetes denied the external reality of safety for Haram, and have interpreted the safety only as a legislated safety referring to the order of God regarding the observation of Haram's holiness and its rulings; Because there is no difference between Haram and other lands in the case of events like war, flood and earthquake which could endanger its safety. | Some exegetes denied the external reality of safety for Haram, and have interpreted the safety only as a legislated safety referring to the order of God regarding the observation of Haram's holiness and its rulings; Because there is no difference between Haram and other lands in the case of events like war, flood and earthquake which could endanger its safety. | ||
Exegetes believe that legislation of rulings about Haram goes back to some previous religions including the [[religion]] of [[Abraham (a)]].<ref>Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 1. p. 88-89, vol. 2 . p. 27;al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 65, 192;qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 4. p. 140; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 6. p. 271</ref> There are also hadiths in which the safety of Haram has been defined by examples of legislated safety and its rulings such as the prohibition of hunting and disturbing animals' safety and the prohibition of administering the punishments for crimes committed outside of Haram.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 3. p. 138-139; Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi'' . vol. 4. p. 226-227; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | Exegetes believe that legislation of rulings about Haram goes back to some previous religions including the [[religion]] of [[Abraham (a)]].<ref>Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 1. p. 88-89, vol. 2 . p. 27;al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 65, 192;qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 4. p. 140; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 6. p. 271</ref> There are also hadiths in which the safety of Haram has been defined by examples of legislated safety and its rulings such as the prohibition of hunting and disturbing animals' safety and the prohibition of administering the punishments for crimes committed outside of Haram.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 3. p. 138-139; Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi'' . vol. 4. p. 226-227; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 262; al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 13. p. 75, 226</ref> Some exegetes have suggested that the [[verse]] 97 of the [[chapter Al-i'Imran]] refers to the safety of refugees to Haram before Islam which was abrogated in Islam.<ref> al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Jami' al-bayan''. vol. 4. p. 11-12; al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 178; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 2. p. 111, vol. 4. p. 140</ref> According to the verse 57 of the [[chapter Qasas]], God has blessed [[Mecca]] with all the benefits of other lands.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 8. p. 165; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 13. p. 300</ref> | ||
===Al-Haram al-Makki in Hadiths=== | ===Al-Haram al-Makki in Hadiths=== | ||
In [[hadith]]s, in addition to the rulings specific to Haram, its features and ethics of attending there have also been mentioned. According to hadiths, the expanse of Haram goes beyond the top of seven skies and below the seven earths. Al-Haram al-Makki will remain Haram until [[Akharat|the Day of Judgment]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 124; Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''.vol. 1 . p. 89; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | In [[hadith]]s, in addition to the rulings specific to Haram, its features and ethics of attending there have also been mentioned. According to hadiths, the expanse of Haram goes beyond the top of seven skies and below the seven earths. Al-Haram al-Makki will remain Haram until [[Akharat|the Day of Judgment]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 124; Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''.vol. 1 . p. 89; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 245-246</ref> One who disrespects the holiness of Haram, would be cursed by God and all [[:Category:Prophets|the prophets (s)]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 125</ref> According to a hadith, [[the Prophet (s)|the noble Prophet (s)]] has guaranteed his [[intercession]] for a [[hajj]] who dies in Haram.<ref>al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 256; vol. 2. p. 258</ref> | ||
===The Expanse of al-Haram al-Makki=== | ===The Expanse of al-Haram al-Makki=== | ||
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# Requesting others for anything | # Requesting others for anything | ||
# Reciting poems | # Reciting poems | ||
# Hitting the servant<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 137; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | # Hitting the servant<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 137; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''al-Muqni'''. p. 369-370; al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 12. p. 564-565, vol. 13. p. 265, 555</ref> | ||
==Al-Haram al-Nabawi== | ==Al-Haram al-Nabawi== | ||
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Religious authorities regard these rulings as the conclusion of two different groups of hadiths; one which indicates that performing prayer in short or complete form in the four mentioned places are optional. And the other group which recommends the complete form of prayer in these places.<ref> al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. p. 542; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''Tahdhib al-ahkam''. vol. 5. p. 470-475</ref> In some of these hadiths, the terms "[[al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn]]", "[[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]", "al-Masjidayn" (the two [[mosque]]s) are used;<ref>Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 11. p. 456-459</ref> thus, some scholars consider only al-Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabi the subject to the mentioned rulings, not the whole expanses of al-Haram al-Makki and al-Haram al-Nabawi.<ref>al-Hilli, Hasan b. Yusuf. ''Mukhtalif al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. vol. 3. p. 132; Shahid al-Thani, zayn al-din. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiyavol''. vol. 1. p. 787; Burujirdi, Murtida. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 411-412</ref> | Religious authorities regard these rulings as the conclusion of two different groups of hadiths; one which indicates that performing prayer in short or complete form in the four mentioned places are optional. And the other group which recommends the complete form of prayer in these places.<ref> al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. p. 542; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''Tahdhib al-ahkam''. vol. 5. p. 470-475</ref> In some of these hadiths, the terms "[[al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn]]", "[[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]", "al-Masjidayn" (the two [[mosque]]s) are used;<ref>Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 11. p. 456-459</ref> thus, some scholars consider only al-Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabi the subject to the mentioned rulings, not the whole expanses of al-Haram al-Makki and al-Haram al-Nabawi.<ref>al-Hilli, Hasan b. Yusuf. ''Mukhtalif al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. vol. 3. p. 132; Shahid al-Thani, zayn al-din. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiyavol''. vol. 1. p. 787; Burujirdi, Murtida. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 411-412</ref> | ||
[[Ibn Babawayh]] believed in obligation of performing prayer in short form in the mentioned places and did not consider any higher value for them.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | [[Ibn Babawayh]] believed in obligation of performing prayer in short form in the mentioned places and did not consider any higher value for them.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''al-Muqni'''. p. 262</ref> Apparently, his opinion is based on general reasons for the obligation of performing prayer in short form for passengers and the hadiths which have regarded it obligatory to perform prayer in short form in the mentioned places.<ref> Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a'' .vol. 8. p. 309</ref> However, other faqihs have considered these hadiths as cases of [[Taqiyya]]<ref>Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 2. p. 441, 448, 452; Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a'' .vol. 8. p. 310; Burujirdi, Murtida. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 406-410</ref> and referring to some other reasons, have rejected the mentioned conclusion.<ref>Muqaddas Ardibili, Ahmad b. Muhammad. ''Majma' al-fa'ida wa al-Burhan''. vol. 3. p. 424-425; Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 11. p. 440-442; Najafi, Muhammad Hasan b. Baqir. ''Jawahir al-kalam fi sharh shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 14. p. 336</ref> There are also some other faqihs who have believed out of caution, in necessity of performing the short form of prayer in the mentioned Harams.<ref>Musawi 'Amili, Sayyid Muhammad. ''Madarik al-ahkam fi sharh shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 4. p. 468; Mirza-yi Qummi, Abul Qasim b. Muhammad hasan. ''Jami' al-shitat''. vol. 1. p. 73; Najafi, Muhammad Hasan b. Baqir. ''Jawahir al-kalam fi sharh shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 14 p. 337; Bahjat, Muhammad Taqi. Jami' al-masa'il'' p. 599</ref> | ||
Some earlier scholars including [[Ibn al-Junayd al-Iskafi]] and [[Alam al-Huda]] have considered it obligatory for passengers to perform their prayers in complete form in the four mentioned places and even Harams (the holy shrines) of all Imams (a) of Shi'a.<ref>Ibn Junayd Iskafi, Majmu'i fatawa-yi Ibn Junayd'' p. 89-90; al-Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Rasa'il al-sharif al-Murtada''. vol. 3. p. 47; Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 11. p. 438,465</ref> [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]] have only added [[al-Ha'ir al-Husayni]] to [[al-Haram al-Makki]] and [[al-Haram al-Nabawi]] for this ruling. Shi'a faqihs have also have discussed whether the above mentioned optionality in choosing short or complete form of prayer is only about the [[Masjid al-Kufa]] and al-Ha'ir al-Husayni or it also includes the two whole cities of [[Kufa]] and [[Karbala]].<ref>Burujirdi, Murtida. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 414-420; Ruhani, Muhammad Sadiq. ''Fiqh al-sadiq''. vol. 6. p. 427-428</ref> Hanafis, who considered it obligatory to perform the prayer in short form while travelling like Twelver Shi'a, have regarded performing the prayer in complete form in al-Haram al-Makki as following the noble Prophet (s). They have considered it better than performing the prayer in short form due to multiplicity of rewards for good deeds in Haram.<ref> Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. vol. 1. p. 91-92; Ibn Qudama. ''al-Mughni''. vol. 2. p. 107</ref> | Some earlier scholars including [[Ibn al-Junayd al-Iskafi]] and [[Alam al-Huda]] have considered it obligatory for passengers to perform their prayers in complete form in the four mentioned places and even Harams (the holy shrines) of all Imams (a) of Shi'a.<ref>Ibn Junayd Iskafi, Majmu'i fatawa-yi Ibn Junayd'' p. 89-90; al-Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Rasa'il al-sharif al-Murtada''. vol. 3. p. 47; Bahrani, yusif b. Ahmad. ''al-Hada'iq al-nadira fi ahkam al-'itrat al-tahira''. vol. 11. p. 438,465</ref> [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]] have only added [[al-Ha'ir al-Husayni]] to [[al-Haram al-Makki]] and [[al-Haram al-Nabawi]] for this ruling. Shi'a faqihs have also have discussed whether the above mentioned optionality in choosing short or complete form of prayer is only about the [[Masjid al-Kufa]] and al-Ha'ir al-Husayni or it also includes the two whole cities of [[Kufa]] and [[Karbala]].<ref>Burujirdi, Murtida. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 414-420; Ruhani, Muhammad Sadiq. ''Fiqh al-sadiq''. vol. 6. p. 427-428</ref> Hanafis, who considered it obligatory to perform the prayer in short form while travelling like Twelver Shi'a, have regarded performing the prayer in complete form in al-Haram al-Makki as following the noble Prophet (s). They have considered it better than performing the prayer in short form due to multiplicity of rewards for good deeds in Haram.<ref> Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. vol. 1. p. 91-92; Ibn Qudama. ''al-Mughni''. vol. 2. p. 107</ref> | ||
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* Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn al-. ''Rasa'il al-sharif al-Murtada''. Qom: Mahdi Raja'i, 1405-1410AH | * Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn al-. ''Rasa'il al-sharif al-Murtada''. Qom: Mahdi Raja'i, 1405-1410AH | ||
* Sharif al-Radi al-. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. Beirut: Muhammad Rida Kashif al-Ghata | * Sharif al-Radi al-. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. Beirut: Muhammad Rida Kashif al-Ghata | ||
* Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | * Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-. ''Al-Muqni'''. Qom, 1415AH | ||
* Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. | * Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. Qom: 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari, 1404AH | ||
* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Khilaf''. Qom, 1407-1417AH | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Khilaf''. Qom, 1407-1417AH | ||
* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. Tehran: Muhammad Taqi Kashfi, 1387 | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. Tehran: Muhammad Taqi Kashfi, 1387 | ||