Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a): Difference between revisions

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-'''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: صلح الإمام الحسن عليه السلام) refers to a peace treaty between Imam [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mua'wiya]] (Abu Sufyan's offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[shi'as]], and the hazard of [[khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for Bani 'Umayya."
+{{infobox
+| bodyclass = vcard
+| above = Hasan b. 'Ali<br /> <small>[[List of Imams|2nd]] [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]]</small>
+| image = [[file:Jannat al-Baqi'.JPG|280px|frameless|center]]
+|caption= [[Jannat al-Baqi']], grave of Imam al-Hasan (a)
+| header2 =
+| header3 =
+|label4= Imamte
+|data4= 661 - 670
+|label5= Reign
+|data5= 661 – 661 (6 Months)
+|label6= Born
+|data6= {{Birth date|625|3|4|df=yes}}<br> ([[Ramadan 15]], 3 [[Hijri year|AH]])
+|label7= Birthplace
+|data7= [[Medina]]
+|label8= Died
+|data8= {{Death date and age|670|3|30|625|3|4|df=yes}} <br> ([[Safar 28]], 50 AH)
+|label9= Deathplace
+|data9= [[Medina]], [[Arabia]]
+|label10 = Cause of Death
+|data10 = death by poisoning
+|label11= Place of Burial
+|data11= [[Jannat al-Baqi']], [[Arabia]], {{Coord|24|28|1|N|39|36|50.21|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
+|label12 = Predecessor
+|data12 = [['Ali b. Abi Talib]]
+|label12 = Successor
+|data12 = [[Husayn b. 'Ali]]
+|label13 = Father
+|data13 = [['Ali b. Abi Talib]]
+|label14= Mother
+|data14= [[Fatima]]
+|label15= Brother(s)
+|data15= [[Husayn b. 'Ali (a)|Husayn]], [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)|'Abbas]], [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya|Muhammad]],...
+|label16= Sister(s)
+|data16=
+|label17= Spouse(s)
+|data17= Khawla bt. Manzur al-Fazari, Umm Bashir bt. Abi Mas'ud, Umm Ishaq bt. Talha al-Tamimi, [[Ja'da bt. Ash'ath b. Qays]]
+|label18= Son(s)
+|data18= [[Qasim b. Hasan|Qāsim]], Zayd, 'Abd Allah, Talha, [[Al-Imam al-Hasan al-Muthana|Hasan]],...
+|label19= Daughter(s)
+|data19= [[Fatima bt. al-Hasan|Fatima]],...
+|label20=
+|data20=
+|label21= Other Titles
+|data21= Mujtaba <br>(lit.: The Chosen), Sibt (lit.: The Grandson), Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna<br> (lit.: Master of the Youth of Paradise), Zaki (lit.: The Pure), at-Taqi (lit.: The Pious), Sayyid (lit.: The Master)
+|below = <center>'''The Twelve Imams'''<br>[['Ali]], [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|al-Hasan]], [[Imam Husayn (a)|al-Husayn]], [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)|al-Sajjad]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)|al-Baqir]], [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)|al-Sadiq]], [[Imam al-Kazim (a)|al-Kazim]], [[Imam al-Rida (a)|al-Rida]], [[Imam al-Jawad (a)|al-Jawad]], [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|al-Hadi]], [[Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)|al-'Askari]], [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|al-Mahdi]]</center>
+}}
+'''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: صلح الإمام الحسن عليه السلام) refers to a peace treaty between Imam [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mua'wiya]] (Abu Sufyan's offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[shi'as]], and the hazard of [[khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for Bani 'Umayya."
 == Bases of Peace ==
@@ Line 30: / Line 76: @@
 They cut their (Imam’s) thigh with a hack when he was trying to escape to find a shelter amid the attacks on his tent. According to [[Muhammad b. Jarir Tabari]], when Imam al-Hasan (a)'s tent was plundered, he went to Sa'd b. Mas'ud Thaqafi ([[Mukhtar]]'s uncle). Sa'd had been elected as the ruler of Mada'in by Imam (a).  Mukhtar, who was young at that time, asked Sa'd:
-- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor?
+:- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor?
-- How?
+:- How?
-- Arrest Hasan, hand him to Mu'awiya and get whatever you wish.
+:- Arrest Hasan, hand him to Mu'awiya and get whatever you wish.
-- God damn you! What an evil man you are! How could I hand son of prophet's daughter to his enemy?
+:- God damn you! What an evil man you are! How could I hand son of prophet's daughter to his enemy?
 [[Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] is the one who took the leadership of [[Uprising of Mukhtar|shi'a’s uprising]] against 'Umawiyyun 25 years later. Perhaps Abdullah b. Zubayr's supporters had made up these stories to accuse Mukhtar, however, it is also possible to be an authentic one. Anyhow, fact says that there was a group of people in Kufa who prioritized their personal benefit to Muslim's goodness. This is a reality behind every revolution or movement.
@@ Line 43: / Line 89: @@
 == Peace Treaty ==
+{{Quote box
+|class = <!-- Advanced users only.  See the "Custom classes" section below. -->
+|title = Ziyarah of Imam Al-hasan
+| File = Al-Baqi' After being demolished.jpg
+| align= right
+| halign= right
+|quote = {{Collapse}}
+Peace be on you, O son of the Messenger of the Lord of the Worlds. Peace be on you, O son of the Commander of the faithful believers. Peace be on you, O son of Fatima al-Zahra. Peace be on you, O the beloved of Allah. Peace be on you, O the choice of Allah. Peace be on you, O the trustee of Allah. Peace be on you, O the Claim of Allah. Peace be on you, O the Light of Allah. Peace be on you, O the Path of Allah. Peace be on you, O the elucidation of the rule of Allah. Peace be on you, O the pure master. Peace be on you, O the supporter of the religion of Allah. Peace be on you, O the self-righteous and the truthful. Peace be on you, O the practiser (of God’s commands) and the trustee. Peace be on you, O the well-experienced in the interpretation (of the Holy Qur’an). Peace be on you, O the guide and the well-guided. Peace be on you, O the pure and the immaculate. Peace be on you, O the pious and the infallible. Peace be on you, O the veritable truth. Peace be on you, O the martyr and the upright. Peace be on you, O Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Ali. And (on you be) Allah’s mercy and blessings. Allah is, greatly, the Greatest.All praise be to Allah abundantly. Glory be to Allah in morns and eves. All praise be to Allah, the Single, the Absolute,the Glorious, the One and Only,the All-obliging, the All-benefactor,the Donor, the All-compassionateWho conferred (upon us) with His bequests,Who has made easy for me to visit my masters[^1] out of His beneficence,Who has not prevented me from visiting them;rather He has bestowed upon me and donated me (this favor).Peace be upon you: O the Leaders of true guidance.Peace be upon you: O the people of piety. [^1] This form of Ziyarah is common for the four Holy Imams who are buried in al-Baqee’ Cemetery; namely, Imam al-Hasan, Imam Zayn al-Abideen, Imam al-Baqir, and Imam al-Sadiq—peace be upon them all.Peace be upon you: O the Arguments on the inhabitants of this world. Peace be upon you: O the maintainers of justice on people. Peace be upon you: O the choicest people. Peace be upon you: O the Household of Allah’s Messenger. Peace be upon you: O the people of confidence. I bear witness that you did convey, offer advice,endure for the sake of Allah,and forgive when you were belied and maltreated. I also bear witness that you are the orthodox, the well-guided Imams,and that the obedience to you is obligatory,and that your words are true,and that you called (to Allah) but you were not answered,and that you enjoined (the right) but you were not obeyed,and that you are the supports of the religion and the poses of the earth. You were always under the sight of Allah Who moved you from the loins of purified men to the wombs of purified women.The benighted ignorance could not stain you and the whimsical sedition could not attract you. Pleased be you as your origin has been pleasant. The King of the religion has conferred upon us with the grace of our acknowledgment of you;He therefore caused you to be in houses which Allah has permitted to be exalted and that His Name may be mentioned therein,and He has decided our prayers for sending blessing upon you to be mercy on us and to be granting remission of our sins,Allah has chosen you for us and has purified our creation through the grace of our loyalty to your (divinely commissioned) Leadership with which He has conferred upon us. We have thus become nominated with Him due to our acknowledgement of you and our giving credence to you. So, this is the situation of him who has committed mistakes and sins, shown submission (to you), and confessed of what he had committed. Hence, being in this situation, I hope for redemption and hope that the Savior of the perishing ones from perdition may save me through you. So, (please) be my interceders,for I have come to you when the people of this world left you,took the Signs of Allah for a jest, and turned away from them haughtily. O He Who is Self-Subsisting and never forgets;and Who is Ever-living and never becomes heedless;and encompasses all things:You are the source of the favor that You have guided me (to this) and You have introduced to me that on which I rest,when Your servants diverted from it, ignored the recognition of it,belittled its right,and inclined to elsewhere. Hence, You have conferred upon me,as well as other people, upon whom You have conferred, with this favor. So, all praise be to You, for I have been mentioned and written with You due to the situation in which I am now. Hence, (please) do not deprive me of what I long for,and do not disappoint me as regards my supplication;(please do it) in the name of the sacredness of Muhammad and his immaculate Household. May Allah send blessings upon Muhammad and the Household of Muhammad.
+{{Collapse bottom}}
+ |source =
+ |align = right
+ |width = 250px
+ |border =
+ |fontsize =80%
+ |bgcolor = #F0F8FF
+ |style =
+ |title_bg = #87CEEB
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+}}
 === History of Peace Treaty ===
@@ Line 121: / Line 192: @@
 :"I had all Arabs' heads in my hand, if I established peace, they would do so, and if I fought, they would take arms, but I ignored it because of God's satisfaction and saving Muslims' lives."
-*He replied to Sulayman b. Surad's protest:
+*He replied to Sulayman b. Surad's objection:
 :"I see something way beyond what you see, and I did not do so but only to prevent bloodshed." Imam al-Hasan (a) explained elsewhere that: "I thought preventing bloodshed is better than the opposite."
@@ Line 142: / Line 213: @@
 Due to 40 years of fighting in different wars, there had not remained any spirit of fighting among Muslims except for a handful of pure shi'as and brave youths. After establishing Islamic government, Muslims participated in [[ghazwa]] and [[sariya]] at prophet's presence. Then they had to fight with soldiers of Rome, [[Iran]], and some neighboring nations of [[Jazirat al-Arab]] during the caliphate of the three caliphs. And after that, they suffered from three great civil wars imposed on the then ruler, Imam Ali (a):
-* [[The Battle of Jamal]]
+{{col-begin|3}}
-*[[The Battle of Siffin]]
+#[[The Battle of Jamal]]
-*[[The Battle of Nahrawan]]
+#[[The Battle of Siffin]]
+#[[The Battle of Nahrawan]]
+{{end}}
 Considering all these factors, a few volunteered to take part in war when Imam al-Hasan (a) and his close friends such as [[Hujr b. Adi]] and [[Qays b. Sa'd Ansari]] invited people to unite against Mu'awiya.
@@ Line 181: / Line 254: @@
 *First stipulation:
-:After peace, Mu'awiya made a speech at the mosque of Kufa. He started by vilifying Imam Ali (a) and continued to insult Imam Hasan (a). Later he went on by proclaiming: "I am trampling on everything I promised to Hasan." After all his disparaging comments, Imam al-Hasan (a) stood up and made a long resonating speech.
+:After peace, Mu'awiya made a speech at the mosque of Kufa. He started by vilifying Imam Ali (a) and went on to insult Imam Hasan (a). Later he continued by proclaiming: "I am trampling on everything I promised to Hasan." After all his disparaging comments, Imam al-Hasan (a) stood up and made a long resonating speech.
+{{Quote box
+ |title_bg =
+ |title = Imam al-Hasan (a) said:
+ |quote = “O you, who mention Ali, I am al-Hasan and Ali was my father. You are Muawiya and your father was Sakhr (Abu Sufyan). My mother was Fatima and your mother was Hind. My grandfather was the Apostle of God and your grandfather was Harb. My grandmother was Khadija and your grandmother was Futayla. May God curse him who tries to reduce our reputation and to diminish our nobility, who does evil against our antiquity and yet who has been ahead of us in unbelief and hypocrisy.”
+ |tstyle = text-align: left;
+ |source =
+ |qalign = left
+ |align = left
+ |width = 90%
+ |border = 2px
+ |bgcolor = Cornsilk
+}}
+Some groups of people in the mosque said: “Amen, Amen”
 *Second stipulation:
 :Although Imam al-Hasan (a) was under his friends' pressure for the first clause of the treaty, he remained loyal to his promise, but if he wanted, he was free to alter or transform his provisions. Because caliphate was conditional, yet Mu'awiya was not loyal to any of the provisions he was provided to fulfill.  Ilhaq zina ila al-nasab (means when a woman gets pregnant by adultery, and the baby is regarded as his husband's offspring. So, the orders and principles between a father and an offspring come true in this situation. It is against Islamic ahkam), saying [[Friday Prayer]] on Wednesday, suspending divine limits, declaring [[riba]] as jayiz, announcing [[adhan]] for Eid prayer, making [[khutba]] before Eid prayer, declaring the obligation of paying [[zakat]] for gifts, debauchery and impudence, and forging [[hadiths]] were Mu'awiya's innovatory traditions (a regime of religious heresy) which was completely against [[sunna]] of [[the holy Prophet]] (s). Mu'awiya violated the second clause of the treaty by passing his son [[Yazid]] as his successor.
@@ Line 189: / Line 285: @@
 :Those who believed paying [[Darabgard]] taxes to Imam al-Hasan (a) was one of the clauses of the peace treaty, have written: "People of [[Basra]] prevented transferring the taxes of Darabgard to Imam al-Hasan (a). They said: This booty is ours. And this was done through Mu'awiya's order.
 *Fifth stipulation:
-:Even though Mu'awiya had promised to secure shi'as, he sent a letter to all of his governors and rulers in Islamic regions by stating that: “Be aware to omit anyone's salary and pension who is in favor of 'Ali”. He also attached another letter to it and ordered: “Anyone accused of loving this family must be imprisoned and his house has to be destroyed.” He even, Mu'awiya, intended to poison Imam al-Hasan (a) several times, but no success was achieved. Ultimately, he deceived [[Ja'da]], Imam al-Hasan (a)'s wife, by putting cunningly forth some worldly promises. Ja'da poisoned Imam Hasan (a), making him martyr.
+:Even though Mu'awiya had promised to secure shi'as, he sent a letter to all of his governors and rulers in Islamic regions by stating that: “Be aware to omit anyone's salary and pension who is in favor of 'Ali”. He also attached another letter to it and ordered: “Anyone accused of loving this family must be imprisoned and his house has to be destroyed.” He even, Mu'awiya, intended to poison Imam al-Hasan (a) several times, but no success was achieved. Ultimately, he deceived [[Ja'da]], Imam al-Hasan (a)'s wife, by cunningly putting forth some worldly promises. Ja'da poisoned Imam Hasan (a), making him martyr.
 == Works Concerning the Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) ==
@@ Line 203: / Line 299: @@
 == External Links ==
-* The material of this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86 صلح امام حسن علیه السلام] in Farsi WikiShia.
+* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86 صلح امام حسن علیه السلام] in Farsi WikiShia.
+* [http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=5008%20 The Life and Times of Imam Hasan(A.S.)]
+* [http://www.shiavault.com/books/the-life-of-imam-al-hasan-al-mujtaba The Life of Imam Al-hasan Al-mujtaba]
+* [http://www.al-islam.org/sulh-peace-treaty-imam-al-hasan-shaykh-radi-aal-yasin Sulh al-Hasan]
+{{Companions of Imam al-Hasan (a)}}
+{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}}
 [[fa:صلح امام حسن علیه السلام]]
@@ Line 210: / Line 312: @@
 [[es:Pacto de paz del Imam Hasan (P)]]
 [[id:Perjanjian Damai Imam Hasan]]
+[[Category:Imam al-Hasan (a)]]
+[[Category:Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]
+[[Category:Infallibles]]