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Ahl al-Bayt (a): Difference between revisions
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[[File:اهل بیت علیهم السلام.jpg|thumbnail|The names of Ahl al-Bayt (a) written in thuluth, Islamic calligraphy.]] | [[File:اهل بیت علیهم السلام.jpg|thumbnail|The names of Ahl al-Bayt (a) written in thuluth, Islamic calligraphy.]] | ||
{{Shi'a Beliefs-Vertical}} | {{Shi'a Beliefs-Vertical}} | ||
'''Ahl al-Bayt (a)''' (Arabic: {{ia|أهل البیت}}) means members of a household or a family. In Islamic terminology, it is applied | '''Ahl al-Bayt (a)''' (Arabic: {{ia|أهل البیت}}) means members of a household or a family. In Islamic terminology, it is applied to some members of the family of the [[Prophet (s)]]. The term Ahl al-Bayt have appeared in [[hadith]]s in different senses; however, in Shi'a literature, it is used to refer to [[Imam Ali (a)]], [[Lady Fatima (a)]], [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the nine [[infallible Imams (a)]] who were the children of Imam al-Husayn (a). The [[Qur'an]] has used this term in the [[al-Tathir verse|al-Tathir]] and [[al-Mawadda verse|al-Mawadda]] verses. The Prophet (s) has stated the high position of Ahl al-Bayt in Islam in such hadiths as [[Hadith al-Safina]] and [[Hadith al-Thaqalayn]]. | ||
From the [[Shi'a]] point of view, Ahl al-Bayt (a) have a pivotal position in religion | From the [[Shi'a]] point of view, Ahl al-Bayt (a) have a pivotal position in religion. They are [[infallible]] and superior to all other [[sahaba|companion]]s of the Prophet (s) in regards to [[taqwa]] (God-wariness) and other virtues. Loving them is mandatory for all Muslims. According to Shi'a teachings, Ahl al-Bayt (a) have [[wilaya|guardianship]] and [[Imamate|leadership]] upon Muslims and Muslims must regard them as their authorities and refer to them in their religious issues. | ||
== Lexical Analysis == | == Lexical Analysis == | ||
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Ahl al-Bayt (a) is mentioned in the [[hadith]]s of the Prophet (s) with four different usages: | Ahl al-Bayt (a) is mentioned in the [[hadith]]s of the Prophet (s) with four different usages: | ||
# Its '''overly general''' usage includes those | # Its '''overly general''' usage includes those with no kinship with the Prophet (s). Those are the Muslims who have been resolute and sincere in following the Prophet (s). [[Salman al-Farsi]],<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib'', vol. 1, p. 85; Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 281.</ref> and [[Abu Dhar]]<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 459.</ref> have been mentioned among the Ahl al-Bayt by the Prophet (s). Also, in some other traditions, other people have also been referred to as Ahl al-Bayt, such as [[Usama b. Zayd]]<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 281.</ref> and Wathila b. Asqa'.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''al-Kabīr'', vol. 22, p. 12.</ref> | ||
# The '''general usage''' which include all relatives of the Prophet (s), to whom giving [[zakat]] is prohibited.<ref>Muslim, ''Saḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 4, p. 1873.</ref> In another hadith, [[al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-'Abbas]], the uncle of the Prophet (s) and his children have been considered to be among the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 281.</ref> | # The '''general usage''' which include all relatives of the Prophet (s), to whom giving [[zakat]] is prohibited.<ref>Muslim, ''Saḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 4, p. 1873.</ref> In another hadith, [[al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-'Abbas]], the uncle of the Prophet (s) and his children have been considered to be among the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 281.</ref> | ||
# The '''special usage''' of Ahl al-Bayt is about the [[wives of the Prophet (s)]]. Undoubtedly, the Prophet's (s) wives are the Ahl al-Bayt of the Prophet (a) according to the lexical and common meaning of the Ahl al-Bayt, and here "Bayt" refers to the house, not kinship nor prophethood. | # The '''special usage''' of Ahl al-Bayt is about the [[wives of the Prophet (s)]]. Undoubtedly, the Prophet's (s) wives are the Ahl al-Bayt of the Prophet (a) according to the lexical and common meaning of the Ahl al-Bayt, and here "Bayt" refers to the house, not kinship nor prophethood. | ||
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# General usage which includes true believers as [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] says, "Anyone who is pious and righteous is one of us the Ahl al-Bayt (a)."<ref>Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-Maghribī, ''Daʿāʾim al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 62.</ref> Imam (a) mentions two [[verse]]s of the [[Qur'an]] as the evidence of his statement, "Any of you who allies with them is indeed one of them." (Qur'an 5:51){{enote|{{ia|وَمَن يَتَوَلَّهُم مِنكُم فَإِنَّهُ مِنهُم}}}} and "So whoever follows me indeed belongs to me." (Qur'an 14:36){{enote|{{ia|فَمَن تَبِعَني فَإِنَّهُ مِنّي}}}} | # General usage which includes true believers as [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] says, "Anyone who is pious and righteous is one of us the Ahl al-Bayt (a)."<ref>Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-Maghribī, ''Daʿāʾim al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 62.</ref> Imam (a) mentions two [[verse]]s of the [[Qur'an]] as the evidence of his statement, "Any of you who allies with them is indeed one of them." (Qur'an 5:51){{enote|{{ia|وَمَن يَتَوَلَّهُم مِنكُم فَإِنَّهُ مِنهُم}}}} and "So whoever follows me indeed belongs to me." (Qur'an 14:36){{enote|{{ia|فَمَن تَبِعَني فَإِنَّهُ مِنّي}}}} | ||
# The special usage of that is about the family of the [[Prophet (s)]] as Imam Ali (a) said, "whenever the war with enemies of [[Islam]] became difficult and people avoided fighting, the Prophet (s) would send his Ahl al-Bayt (a) to battle, so that [['Ubayda b. Harith]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Badr]], [[Hamza]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Uhud]], and [[Ja'far al-Tayyar]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Mu'ta]]."<ref>''Nahj al-balagha'', letter 9.</ref> | # The special usage of that is about the family of the [[Prophet (s)]] as Imam Ali (a) said, "whenever the war with enemies of [[Islam]] became difficult, and people avoided fighting, the Prophet (s) would send his Ahl al-Bayt (a) to battle, so that [['Ubayda b. Harith]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Badr]], [[Hamza]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Uhud]], and [[Ja'far al-Tayyar]] was martyred in the [[Battle of Mu'ta]]."<ref>''Nahj al-balagha'', letter 9.</ref> | ||
# The very special usage of Ahl al-Bayt in Imams' (a) [[hadith]] refers to those relatives of the Prophet (s) who had special position whose words and deeds set the standards and guide to the truth. Imam Ali (a) says, "Look at the Ahl al-Bayt (a) of the Prophet (s) and adhere to their direction and follow them since they never take you out of the path of guidance nor lead you back to ignorance. Do not walk ahead of them lest you may go astray, and do not stay far behind them so that you would perish."<ref>''Nahj al-balagha'', sermon 97.</ref> Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) addressed the people of Iraq and said, "We are the Ahl al-Bayt (a) about whom God revealed the al-Tathir verse."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 458.</ref> There are many traditions about this. | # The very special usage of Ahl al-Bayt in Imams' (a) [[hadith]] refers to those relatives of the Prophet (s) who had special position whose words and deeds set the standards and guide to the truth. Imam Ali (a) says, "Look at the Ahl al-Bayt (a) of the Prophet (s) and adhere to their direction and follow them since they never take you out of the path of guidance nor lead you back to ignorance. Do not walk ahead of them lest you may go astray, and do not stay far behind them so that you would perish."<ref>''Nahj al-balagha'', sermon 97.</ref> Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) addressed the people of Iraq and said, "We are the Ahl al-Bayt (a) about whom God revealed the al-Tathir verse."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 458.</ref> There are many traditions about this. | ||
From the two last meanings, the latter meaning is more common in [[Shi'a]] references, and whenever "Ahl al-Bayt" is mentioned without any reference, | From the two last meanings, the latter meaning is more common in [[Shi'a]] references, and whenever "Ahl al-Bayt" is mentioned without any reference, the very special meaning (the third meaning) is likely intended. | ||
== Infallibility == | == Infallibility == | ||
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There is no doubt that those who are chosen for Mubahala have great position in [[faith]] and closeness to God.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Nahj al-ḥaqq'', p. 179, 215-216; Fāḍil Miqdād, ''al-Lawāmiʿ al-ilāhīyya'', p. 515; Muzaffar, ''Dalāʾil al-ṣidq'', vol. 2, p. 132-133.</ref> | There is no doubt that those who are chosen for Mubahala have great position in [[faith]] and closeness to God.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Nahj al-ḥaqq'', p. 179, 215-216; Fāḍil Miqdād, ''al-Lawāmiʿ al-ilāhīyya'', p. 515; Muzaffar, ''Dalāʾil al-ṣidq'', vol. 2, p. 132-133.</ref> | ||
Abu Riyah, the servant of [[Umm Salama]], narrated from the Prophet (s): "If there were other people more | Abu Riyah, the servant of [[Umm Salama]], narrated from the Prophet (s): "If there were other people more honorable than Ali (a), Fatima (s), al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a), God would have ordered me to do Mubadala with their help; and they are the best of people."<ref>Qundūzī, ''Yanābīʿ al-mawadda'', p. 287.</ref> | ||
Superiority of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) can also be understood from other hadiths and [[verse]]s such as the [[al-Mawadda verse]] (Qur'an 42:23), [[hadith al-Safina]], [[hadith Bab al-Hitta]], [[hadith al-Nujum]], etc. | Superiority of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) can also be understood from other hadiths and [[verse]]s such as the [[al-Mawadda verse]] (Qur'an 42:23), [[hadith al-Safina]], [[hadith Bab al-Hitta]], [[hadith al-Nujum]], etc. | ||
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In the al-Tathir verse ([[Qur'an 33]]:33), the glorious [[Qur'an]] introduces the Ahl al-Bayt (a) as those whom [[God]] has desired to repel all impurity from and also has mentioned that sublime facts and teachings hidden in the Qur'an cannot be found except by those purified from all impurity. Just the same way that the physical purity is required for touching the text of the Qur'an, purity of the soul from vices is required for understanding the teachings of the Qur'an and the more delicate and deeper the teachings of the Qur'an are, the higher purity of souls are needed to understand them and the greatest of them require [[infallibility]].<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 19, p. 137.</ref> Therefore, teachings of the Qur'an are not fully and deeply known by anyone other than the Prophet (s) and the infallible ones (a), and thus, to learn them, one needs to refer to them. | In the al-Tathir verse ([[Qur'an 33]]:33), the glorious [[Qur'an]] introduces the Ahl al-Bayt (a) as those whom [[God]] has desired to repel all impurity from and also has mentioned that sublime facts and teachings hidden in the Qur'an cannot be found except by those purified from all impurity. Just the same way that the physical purity is required for touching the text of the Qur'an, purity of the soul from vices is required for understanding the teachings of the Qur'an and the more delicate and deeper the teachings of the Qur'an are, the higher purity of souls are needed to understand them and the greatest of them require [[infallibility]].<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 19, p. 137.</ref> Therefore, teachings of the Qur'an are not fully and deeply known by anyone other than the Prophet (s) and the infallible ones (a), and thus, to learn them, one needs to refer to them. | ||
[[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, "The facts about the past and future and rulings which distinguish the truth and falsehood about the life of human | [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, "The facts about the past and future and rulings which distinguish the truth and falsehood about the life of human beings are mentioned in the Qur'an and we know them."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, Chapter "al-Radd ilā l-kitāb wa l-sunna," Hadīth 9.</ref> There are many hadiths narrated from Imams (a) in this regard. | ||
== Necessity of Following the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | == Necessity of Following the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | ||
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The hadith al-Safina implies the obligation of following the Ahl al-Bayt (a) as well, since, in this hadith, the Prophet (s) has likened his Ahl al-Bayt (a) to the [[Arc of Noah (a)]] which anyone who entered it rescued and anyone refused perished. | The hadith al-Safina implies the obligation of following the Ahl al-Bayt (a) as well, since, in this hadith, the Prophet (s) has likened his Ahl al-Bayt (a) to the [[Arc of Noah (a)]] which anyone who entered it rescued and anyone refused perished. | ||
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami has said that "the point of likening them [the Ahl al-Bayt (a)] to the Arc of Noah (a) is that anyone who, for the sake of praising the one who has given them such an | Ibn Hajar al-Haytami has said that "the point of likening them [the Ahl al-Bayt (a)] to the Arc of Noah (a) is that anyone who, for the sake of praising the one who has given them such an honor, loves them, respects them and benefits from their guidance and applies it will be saved from darkness and anyone who opposes them will perish in the sea of ingratitude and gorges of disobedience."<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 191.</ref> About the origin of the hadith of Safina, he said, "This hadith has been narrated in different ways, some of which support the others."<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Ṣawāʾiq al-muḥraqa'', p. 191.</ref> | ||
== Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | == Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | ||
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| good article =June 10, 2016 | | good article =June 10, 2016 | ||
| featured article = February 06,2017 | | featured article = February 06,2017 | ||
|quick review=done | |||
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