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Sura: Difference between revisions
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
"Sura" literally means a level and rank, or a part and chapter of something.<ref>Muṣṭafawī, ''al-Taḥqīq fī kalimāt al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 313; Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 434.</ref> In technical usage, sura means a part of the [[Qur'an]] that has a coherent content and has a beginning and an ending. | |||
The chapters of the Qur'an are named sura because they are like a "sur" (Arabic: "{{ia|سور}}", wall), separates each one of them from other chapters;<ref>Muṣṭafawī, ''al-Taḥqīq fī kalimāt al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 314.</ref> or because it contains all the [[verse]]s and words.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 434.</ref> | |||
The chapters of the Qur'an are named sura because they are like a "sur" (Arabic: "{{ia|سور}}", wall), separates each one of them from other chapters; or because it contains all the [[verse]]s and words. | |||
The word "sura" is used 8 times in singular form and 1 time in plural form (Arabic: "{{ia|سُوَر}}"). | The word "sura" is used 8 times in singular form and 1 time in plural form (Arabic: "{{ia|سُوَر}}"). | ||
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# [[Makki]]: According to the most common definition, suras which are revealed before [[the emigration]] of the [[Prophet (s)]] to [[Medina]] (in which ever place it is revealed), are Makki. | # [[Makki]]: According to the most common definition, suras which are revealed before [[the emigration]] of the [[Prophet (s)]] to [[Medina]] (in which ever place it is revealed), are Makki. | ||
# [[Madani]]: Suras which were revealed after the emigration are called Madani. | # [[Madani]]: Suras which were revealed after the emigration are called Madani.<ref>Zarkashī, ''al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 239.</ref> | ||
There are two other definitions for Makki and Madani suras: | There are two other definitions for Makki and Madani suras: | ||
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* Suras which were revealed in Mecca and its outskirts, even after the emigration, are Makki; and suras which were revealed in Medina and its outskirts, are Madani. | * Suras which were revealed in Mecca and its outskirts, even after the emigration, are Makki; and suras which were revealed in Medina and its outskirts, are Madani. | ||
* The suras in which the people of Mecca are addressed are Makki and in which the people of Medina are addressed are Madani. | * The suras in which the people of Mecca are addressed are Makki and in which the people of Medina are addressed are Madani.<ref>Zarkashī, ''al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 239; Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 130; Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 46.</ref> | ||
===According to Length=== | ===According to Length=== | ||
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==Order of Revelation== | ==Order of Revelation== | ||
The Qur'an was gradually revealed to the [[Prophet (s)]], in the length of 23 years ([[gradual revelation]]). According to the historical records, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was the first one to collect the Qur'an after the demise of the Prophet (s). The suras in the collected Qur'an ([[Mushaf of Imam 'Ali (a)]]) was ordered according to the order of [[revelation]]. After the completion of the work, he loaded it on a camel (due to its bulk) and brought it to the [[companions]], but they didn't accept it and said that they didn't need it, so Imam 'Ali (a) hid it and after that no one saw the mushaf. [[Shi'a]] believes that other [[Imams]] had inherited the mushaf and now it is in the possession of [[Imam al-Mahdi (aj)]]. According to [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], Imam 'Ali (a) had ordered the Qur'an according to the order of revelation and placed [[Makki suras]] before Madani suras and [[al-Mansukh]] before [[al-Nasikh]]. | The Qur'an was gradually revealed to the [[Prophet (s)]], in the length of 23 years ([[gradual revelation]]).<ref>Ṭabāṭabāī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 2, p. 15.</ref> According to the historical records, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was the first one to collect the Qur'an after the demise of the Prophet (s). The suras in the collected Qur'an ([[Mushaf of Imam 'Ali (a)]]) was ordered according to the order of [[revelation]]. After the completion of the work, he loaded it on a camel (due to its bulk) and brought it to the [[companions]], but they didn't accept it and said that they didn't need it,<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 89, p. 52.</ref> so Imam 'Ali (a) hid it and after that no one saw the mushaf. [[Shi'a]] believes that other [[Imams]] had inherited the mushaf and now it is in the possession of [[Imam al-Mahdi (aj)]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 89, p. 42.</ref> According to [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], Imam 'Ali (a) had ordered the Qur'an according to the order of revelation and placed [[Makki suras]] before Madani suras and [[al-Mansukh]] before [[al-Nasikh]].<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 290. </ref> | ||
The existing Qur'an is collected in the time of the rule of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] which begins with the [[Sura al-Fatiha]] and ends with the [[Sura al-Nas]]. This Qur'an is verified by Imam 'Ali and other Imams. | The existing Qur'an is collected in the time of the rule of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] which begins with the [[Sura al-Fatiha]] and ends with the [[Sura al-Nas]]. This Qur'an is verified by Imam 'Ali and other Imams.<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 341-342. </ref> | ||
There's a disagreement about the order of suras being [[tawqifi]] (specified by [[Allah]]) or [[ijtihadi]] (by the judgment of the [[companions]]); some of the Qur'an researchers, like [[al-Suyuti]], say: the existing order of suras is tawqifi and is specified by Allah and the Prophet (s) commanded to order suras as they are. | There's a disagreement about the order of suras being [[tawqifi]] (specified by [[Allah]]) or [[ijtihadi]] (by the judgment of the [[companions]]); some of the Qur'an researchers, like [[al-Suyuti]], say: the existing order of suras is tawqifi and is specified by Allah and the Prophet (s) commanded to order suras as they are.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 97.</ref> | ||
Some other considered the order of suras as ijtihadi and being ordered by the judgment of the companions who collected the Qur'an. The third opinion is that the order of suras are a mix of being tawqifi and ijtihadi; meaning that when there was a command from the Prophet (s) about the place of a sura it was obeyed, and when there wasn't, the suras were ordered by the companions who collected the Qur'an. | Some other considered the order of suras as ijtihadi and being ordered by the judgment of the companions who collected the Qur'an. The third opinion is that the order of suras are a mix of being tawqifi and ijtihadi; meaning that when there was a command from the Prophet (s) about the place of a sura it was obeyed, and when there wasn't, the suras were ordered by the companions who collected the Qur'an.<ref>Zarkashī, ''al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 324; Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 280. </ref> | ||
===First Revealed Sura=== | ===First Revealed Sura=== | ||
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# The first sura revealed to the Prophet (s) is [[Sura al-'Alaq]], which was revealed in the beginning of [[Bi'tha]]. | # The first sura revealed to the Prophet (s) is [[Sura al-'Alaq]], which was revealed in the beginning of [[Bi'tha]]. | ||
# The first sura was [[al-Muddaththir]], it is narrated from [[Umm Salama]]: "I asked [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] about the first [[verse]] or sura revealed first and he said: 'al-Muddaththir'." | # The first sura was [[al-Muddaththir]], it is narrated from [[Umm Salama]]: "I asked [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] about the first [[verse]] or sura revealed first and he said: 'al-Muddaththir'." | ||
# [[Sura al-Fatiha]] (the beginning) is the first sura revealed. | # [[Sura al-Fatiha]] (the beginning) is the first sura revealed.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 46; Zamakhsharī, ''al-Kashshāf'', vol. 4, p. 775.</ref> | ||
Some Qur'an researchers have combined the three opinions: the 3 or 5 first verses of Sura al-'Alaq was revealed in the beginning of [[Bi'tha]], shortly after that, some verses of the beginning of Sura al-Muddaththir was revealed, and the first ''complete'' sura revealed to the Prophet (s) was [[Sura al-Hamd]]. | Some Qur'an researchers have combined the three opinions: the 3 or 5 first verses of Sura al-'Alaq was revealed in the beginning of [[Bi'tha]], shortly after that, some verses of the beginning of Sura al-Muddaththir was revealed, and the first ''complete'' sura revealed to the Prophet (s) was [[Sura al-Hamd]].<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 127. </ref> | ||
===Last Sura Revealed=== | ===Last Sura Revealed=== | ||
There's a disagreement about the last sura revealed; some considered [[Sura al-Tawba]], [[Sura al-Nasr]], or [[Sura al-Ma'ida]] as the last sura. | There's a disagreement about the last sura revealed; some considered [[Sura al-Tawba]], [[Sura al-Nasr]], or [[Sura al-Ma'ida]] as the last sura.<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 127; Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 101.</ref> | ||
According to Shi'a [[hadith]]s, the last complete sura was Sura al-Nasr. When the sura was revealed, the Prophet (s) recited it to the companions and all became glad except for [[Al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-'Abbas]], the uncle of the Prophet (s), who became very sad and said: "I think the sura announces the end of your mission", the Prophet (s) said: "you think right"; and the Prophet (s) demised two years later. | According to Shi'a [[hadith]]s, the last complete sura was Sura al-Nasr. When the sura was revealed, the Prophet (s) recited it to the companions and all became glad except for [[Al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-'Abbas]], the uncle of the Prophet (s), who became very sad and said: "I think the sura announces the end of your mission", the Prophet (s) said: "you think right"; and the Prophet (s) demised two years later.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 10, p. 467.</ref> | ||
As the Sura al-Nasr is revealed after the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 8/629, and Sura al-Tawba is revealed one year later, some combined the two facts as the last ''complete'' sura revealed is Sura al-Nasr, and Sura al-Tawba is considered the last sura because its beginning verses are revealed later, although the very last [[verse]] revealed is the [[Ikmal verse]] (see: [[Verse#First_and_Last_Verses|First and Last_Verses]]) | As the Sura al-Nasr is revealed after the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 8/629, and Sura al-Tawba is revealed one year later, some combined the two facts as the last ''complete'' sura revealed is Sura al-Nasr, and Sura al-Tawba is considered the last sura because its beginning verses are revealed later, although the very last [[verse]] revealed is the [[Ikmal verse]] (see: [[Verse#First_and_Last_Verses|First and Last_Verses]])<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 128. </ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | * Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH. | ||
*Maʿrifat, Muḥammad Hādī. ''Al-Tamhīd fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān''. Qom: Daftar-i Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412 AH. | |||
*Muṣṭafawī, Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Taḥqīq fī kalimāt al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1430 AH | |||
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH. | |||
*Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān''. Second edition. Qom: Manshūrāt-i Raḍī, 1363 Sh. | |||
*Ṭabāṭabāī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1417 AH. | |||
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1415 AH. | |||
*Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd al-. ''Al-Kashshāf ʿan ḥaqāʾiq ghawāmiḍ al-tanzīl wa ʿuyūn al-aqāwīl fī wujūh al-taʾwīl''. Third edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH. | |||
*Zarkashī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408 AH. | |||
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