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Imam Ali b. Muhammad al-Hadi (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Ali b. Muhammad al-Hadi (a) (view source)
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Different [[hadiths]] are narrated from Imam al-Hadi (a) about [[theology|ideological]] issues, [[tafsir|interpretation]] of the Qur'an, [[fiqh]], and [[ethics]]. [[Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira]] which includes Shi'a ideological concepts about the Imams, is narrated from Imam al-Hadi (a). | Different [[hadiths]] are narrated from Imam al-Hadi (a) about [[theology|ideological]] issues, [[tafsir|interpretation]] of the Qur'an, [[fiqh]], and [[ethics]]. [[Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira]] which includes Shi'a ideological concepts about the Imams, is narrated from Imam al-Hadi (a). | ||
Imam al-Hadi (a) was in contact with Shi'a and managed their affairs through the [[System of Wikala]]. Some of his students and companions are as follows: [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]], [['Uthman b. Sa'id]], [[Ayyub b. Nuh]], [[al-Hasan b. Rashid]] and [[al-Hasan al-Utrush]]. | |||
His [[Holy shrine of al-'Askariyyan|shrine]] is in Samarra. The dome and some minarets of his shrine were [[Demolition of the holy shrine of al-'Askariyyan|destroyed]] by | His [[Holy shrine of al-'Askariyyan|shrine]] is in Samarra. The dome and some minarets of his shrine were [[Demolition of the holy shrine of al-'Askariyyan|destroyed]] by terrorist attacks in 2006; and again, in 2008 other minarets of the shrine were also destroyed by another bombing. The shrine has been reconstructed from 2010 to 2015 by Iran. | ||
== Lineage, Kunya, and Titles == | == Lineage, Kunya, and Titles == | ||
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== Wife and Children == | == Wife and Children == | ||
Imam al-Hadi's (a) wife was called [[Salil]]<ref>Al-Dakhil, ''A'immatuna'', vol. 2, p. 209</ref>. She was a concubine from Nawba<ref>Nawba is the name of a vast land in the south of Egypt</ref> | Imam al-Hadi's (a) wife was called [[Salil]]<ref>Al-Dakhil, ''A'immatuna'', vol. 2, p. 209</ref>. She was a concubine from Nawba<ref>Nawba is the name of a vast land in the south of Egypt</ref>. She was also the mother of [[Imam al-'Askari (a)]]. | ||
Most [[Shi'a]] scholars have listed four sons of Imam al-Hadi (a), but there is disagreement regarding the number of daughters. Al-Hadini wrote Imam al-Hadi's (a) sons were al-Hasan (a), Muhammad, al-Husayn and Ja'far (who claimed [[imamate]] and was later called [[Ja'far al-Kadhdhab]]).<ref>Al-Khasibi, ''al-Hidayat al-kubra'', p. 313</ref> | Most [[Shi'a]] scholars have listed four sons of Imam al-Hadi (a), but there is disagreement regarding the number of daughters. Al-Hadini wrote Imam al-Hadi's (a) sons were al-Hasan (a), Muhammad, al-Husayn and Ja'far (who claimed [[imamate]] and was later called [[Ja'far al-Kadhdhab]]).<ref>Al-Khasibi, ''al-Hidayat al-kubra'', p. 313</ref> | ||
Regarding his children, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote, "His successor was Abu Muhammad al-Hasan who was [[Imam]] after him, and then there are al-Husayn, Muhammad and a girl named 'A'isha<ref>Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649</ref>." [[Ibn Shahrashub]] mentioned another daughter for him called 'Aliyya.<ref>Ibn Shahrashub, ''al-Manaqib'', vol. 4, p. 433</ref> However, according to different evidences and references, it may have been the case that Imam al-Hadi (a) had only one daughter who had different names. According to [[Sunni]] scholars, Imam al-Hadi (a) had | Regarding his children, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote, "His successor was Abu Muhammad al-Hasan who was [[Imam]] after him, and then there are al-Husayn, Muhammad and a girl named 'A'isha<ref>Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649</ref>." [[Ibn Shahrashub]] mentioned another daughter for him called 'Aliyya.<ref>Ibn Shahrashub, ''al-Manaqib'', vol. 4, p. 433</ref> However, according to different evidences and references, it may have been the case that Imam al-Hadi (a) had only one daughter who had different names. According to [[Sunni]] scholars, Imam al-Hadi (a) had four sons and one daughter.<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa'', p. 207</ref> | ||
== Imamate == | == Imamate == | ||
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== Al-Mutawakkil's Behavior == | == Al-Mutawakkil's Behavior == | ||
Prior to [[al-Mutawakkil]] | Prior to [[al-Mutawakkil]]'s accession to power, the caliphs' policies were the same as al-Ma'mun's, which defended [[Mu'tazilits]] against [[Ahl al-Hadith]] and this had brought a favorable environment for the [[Alavis]]. Upon the coming of al-Mutawakkil, Ahl al-Hadith were supported and incited against Mu'tazilites and [[Shi'a]] and this resulted in them becoming more oppressed. | ||
[[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] mentioned bad behavior of al-Mutawakkil towards Talibids and mentioned [['Ubayd Allah b. Yahya b. Khaqan]], al-Mutawakkil's minister, similar to al-Mutawakkil, among the serious enemies of the Alavis. The severe actions of al-Mutawakkil towards Talibids included: destroying [[Imam al-Husayn's (a) shrine]], plowing the lands on and around the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) and severely punishing the pilgrims.<ref>Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin'', p. 478</ref> This was only because the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[Karbala]] proved as an emotional link between masses of [[Shi'a]] and their Imams (a). | [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] mentioned bad behavior of al-Mutawakkil towards Talibids and mentioned [['Ubayd Allah b. Yahya b. Khaqan]], al-Mutawakkil's minister, similar to al-Mutawakkil, among the serious enemies of the Alavis. The severe actions of al-Mutawakkil towards Talibids included: destroying [[Imam al-Husayn's (a) shrine]], plowing the lands on and around the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) and severely punishing the pilgrims.<ref>Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin'', p. 478</ref> This was only because the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[Karbala]] proved as an emotional link between masses of [[Shi'a]] and their Imams (a). | ||
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For twenty years until the end of his life, the Imam (a) lived in that city. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid mentioned Imam's (a) compulsory residence in Samarra and wrote, "Apparently, Imam al-Hadi (a) was respected by the caliph, however in disguise, al-Mutawakkil made plots against the Imam (a), none of which succeeded".<ref>Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649</ref> | For twenty years until the end of his life, the Imam (a) lived in that city. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid mentioned Imam's (a) compulsory residence in Samarra and wrote, "Apparently, Imam al-Hadi (a) was respected by the caliph, however in disguise, al-Mutawakkil made plots against the Imam (a), none of which succeeded".<ref>Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649</ref> | ||
In Samarra, the people highly revered the Imam's (a) great personality and spirit. | In Samarra, the people highly revered the Imam's (a) great personality and spirit. They all showed great amounts of humbleness before him. | ||
During his compulsory residence in Samarra, Imam (a) seemingly had a calm life and al-Mutawakkil wanted to show him in the role of a courtier and decrease his grandeur in the eyes of the people, while he took Imam (a) under surveillance.<ref>Al-Tabrisi, I'lam al-wara, vol. 2, p. 126</ref> | During his compulsory residence in Samarra, Imam (a) seemingly had a calm life and al-Mutawakkil wanted to show him in the role of a courtier and decrease his grandeur in the eyes of the people, while he took Imam (a) under surveillance.<ref>Al-Tabrisi, I'lam al-wara, vol. 2, p. 126</ref> | ||
The | The agents keeping surveillance, reported to al-Mutawakkil that there were weapons and letters from the Shi'a in the house of the Imam (a). He ordered for some soldiers to quickly rush to the Imam's (a) house. Upon arriving at the Imam's (a) residence, they found him (a) alone in a room with the floor covered by sand, while he (a) was wearing woolen clothes, had a head covering and murmured some verses of the [[Qur'an]]; so they took him in that state to al-Mutawakkil. | ||
When Imam (a) entered, al-Mutawakkil had a cup of wine in his hand; he seated Imam (a) beside himself and offered Imam (a) a cup and asked him, "Drink!" Imam (a) excused himself and said, "My meat and blood have never been fouled by wine." Then, al-Mutawakkil asked Imam (a) to recite a poem that would entertain him. Imam (a) said "I hardly ever recite poetry," but al-Mutawakkil insisted and the Imam (a) recited a poem about the powerful people who moved from palaces to graves after their death, and their state in the grave.<ref>Al-Mas'udi, ''Muruj l-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 11</ref> When the Imam (a) finished reciting the poem, all attendants and even al-Mutawakkil himself were so moved, that al-Mutawakkil's face had become wet with tears. Al-Mutawakkil then ordered that the drinking table be removed. He ordered for the Imam (a) to be taken back to his house respectfully.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''Tadhkirat al-khawass'', vol. 2, p. 497</ref> | When Imam (a) entered, al-Mutawakkil had a cup of wine in his hand; he seated Imam (a) beside himself and offered Imam (a) a cup and asked him, "Drink!" Imam (a) excused himself and said, "My meat and blood have never been fouled by wine." Then, al-Mutawakkil asked Imam (a) to recite a poem that would entertain him. Imam (a) said "I hardly ever recite poetry," but al-Mutawakkil insisted and the Imam (a) recited a poem about the powerful people who moved from palaces to graves after their death, and their state in the grave.<ref>Al-Mas'udi, ''Muruj l-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 11</ref> When the Imam (a) finished reciting the poem, all attendants and even al-Mutawakkil himself were so moved, that al-Mutawakkil's face had become wet with tears. Al-Mutawakkil then ordered that the drinking table be removed. He ordered for the Imam (a) to be taken back to his house respectfully.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''Tadhkirat al-khawass'', vol. 2, p. 497</ref> | ||
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After al-Mutawakkil, his son [[al-Muntasir]] came to power and this lessened the government's pressure on the [[Alavis]]; thus the pressure on Imam al-Hadi (a) also decreased, even though in different regions, statesmen still suppressed the [[Shi'a]]. | After al-Mutawakkil, his son [[al-Muntasir]] came to power and this lessened the government's pressure on the [[Alavis]]; thus the pressure on Imam al-Hadi (a) also decreased, even though in different regions, statesmen still suppressed the [[Shi'a]]. | ||
The decrease of suppression in comparison to previous times, had led to better organization of the Shi'a in different regions and if at any time, one of the deputies of Imam (a) in the cities was arrested, Imam (a) appointed another person instead | The decrease of suppression in comparison to previous times, had led to better organization of the Shi'a in different regions and if at any time, one of the deputies of Imam (a) in the cities was arrested, Imam (a) appointed another person instead. | ||
== Explaining Islamic Teachings == | == Explaining Islamic Teachings == | ||
=== Priority of the Qur'an === | === Priority of the Qur'an === | ||
One of the deviations [[Ghulat]] (exaggerators) brought up and caused other Islamic sects to attack the [[Shi'a]], was the issue of | One of the deviations [[Ghulat]] (exaggerators) brought up and caused other Islamic sects to attack the [[Shi'a]], was the issue of [[Integrity of the Holy Qur'an|altering the Qur'an]] .[[Sunni]]s are also affected by this due to the insertion of inauthentic [[Hadith|hadiths]] in their books. | ||
Against this accusation, [[Shi'a Imams (a)]] have always given priority to the [[Qur'an]] and have regarded any hadith opposite to the Qur'an as invalid and false. | Against this accusation, [[Shi'a Imams (a)]] have always given priority to the [[Qur'an]] and have regarded any hadith opposite to the Qur'an as invalid and false. | ||
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The [[Shi'a]] kept silent following the instructions of Imams (a) over this issue. In a letter, Imam al-Hadi (a) ordered one of the Shi'a not to give opinion over this issue and not to display any bias with either of the opinions regarding creation or eternity of the [[Qur'an]].<ref>Al-Saduq, ''al-Amali'', p. 438</ref> | The [[Shi'a]] kept silent following the instructions of Imams (a) over this issue. In a letter, Imam al-Hadi (a) ordered one of the Shi'a not to give opinion over this issue and not to display any bias with either of the opinions regarding creation or eternity of the [[Qur'an]].<ref>Al-Saduq, ''al-Amali'', p. 438</ref> | ||
This helped the Shi'a to | This helped the Shi'a not to become engaged in such fruitless arguments. | ||
=== 'Ilm al-Kalam (Theology) === | === 'Ilm al-Kalam (Theology) === | ||
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=== Du'as and Ziyarahs === | === Du'as and Ziyarahs === | ||
Imam al-Hadi (a) made great efforts in educating and familiarizing [[Shi'a Muslims]] with [[Shi'a teachings]] through [[Du'a]] (supplication) and [[Ziyarah]] ( | Imam al-Hadi (a) made great efforts in educating and familiarizing [[Shi'a Muslims]] with [[Shi'a teachings]] through [[Du'a]] (supplication) and [[Ziyarah]] (visiting either physical or vocal). Such du'as in different ways, mentioned some political and social points as well as supplicating to [[God]]. These points were very influential in the political realm of the Shi'a and regularly inspired certain concepts within the Shi'a society. | ||
==== Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira ==== | ==== Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira ==== | ||
{{main|Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira}} | {{main|Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira}} | ||
This Ziyarah ( | This Ziyarah (visiting) is a wonderful course of Shi'a teachings and introduces the position of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] which was initiated by Imam al-Hadi (a) following the requests of the Shi'a. | ||
== Interacting with Shi'a == | == Interacting with Shi'a == | ||
Imam al-Hadi (a) was in contact with his Shi'a through the organization of deputies, the same as the previous Imams (a). During this time, most lovers of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] were living in [[Iran | Imam al-Hadi (a) was in contact with his Shi'a through the organization of deputies, the same as the previous Imams (a). During this time, most lovers of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] were living in [[Iran]]. | ||
=== Organization of Deputies === | === Organization of Deputies === | ||
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* [[Baghdad]], [[Mada'in]], [[Sawad]], and [[Kufa]] | * [[Baghdad]], [[Mada'in]], [[Sawad]], and [[Kufa]] | ||
* [[Basra]] and [[Ahwaz]] | * [[Basra]] and [[Ahwaz]] | ||
* [[Qom]] and [[ | * [[Qom]] and [[Hamadan]] | ||
* [[Hijaz]], [[Yemen]], and [[Egypt]] | * [[Hijaz]], [[Yemen]], and [[Egypt]] | ||
The Imams' (a) deputies were in contact with the respective Imam (a) through letters carried via trustworthy people. | The Imams' (a) deputies were in contact with the respective Imam (a) through letters carried via trustworthy people. A great part of jurisprudential and theological teachings of these Imams (a) were delivered to the Shi'a through these deputies. | ||
[['Ali b. Ja'far al-Hamani]] was one of the deputies of Imam al-Hadi (a) from Haminia, a village near Baghdad. | [['Ali b. Ja'far al-Hamani]] was one of the deputies of Imam al-Hadi (a) from Haminia, a village near Baghdad. | ||