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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Baqir (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Baqir (a) (view source)
Revision as of 11:50, 29 January 2019
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|reign = | |reign = | ||
|contemporary rulers = | |contemporary rulers = | ||
|martyrdom = [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]], [[114]]/[[ | |martyrdom = [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]], [[114]]/[[January 28]], 733 | ||
|place of martyrdom = | |place of martyrdom = | ||
|cause of martyrdom = By poisoning | |cause of martyrdom = By poisoning | ||
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== Birth== | == Birth== | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on [[Friday]] [[Rajab 1]], [[57]]/[[May 10]], 677 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 215; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-wara'', vol. 1, p. 498.</ref> Some have reported his birth to have been on [[Safar 3]]/[[December | Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on [[Friday]] [[Rajab 1]], [[57]]/[[May 10]], 677 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 215; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-wara'', vol. 1, p. 498.</ref> Some have reported his birth to have been on [[Safar 3]]/[[December 16]] of the same year (57/676)<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 46, p. 212.</ref>. He was a small child and present in the [[Event of Karbala]]<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'',vol. 2, p. 289.</ref>. | ||
== Wives and Children == | == Wives and Children == | ||
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His [[imamate]] was contemporary with five [[Umayyad caliphs]]: | His [[imamate]] was contemporary with five [[Umayyad caliphs]]: | ||
# [[Al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (86/705 – 96/714- | # [[Al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (86/705 – 96/714-5) | ||
# [[Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (96/714- | # [[Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (96/714-5 - 99/717-8) | ||
# [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] (99/717- | # [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] (99/717-8 - 101/719-20) | ||
# [[Yazid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (101/719- | # [[Yazid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (101/719-20 -105/723-4) | ||
# [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (105/723- | # [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (105/723-4 - 125/742-3) | ||
Apart from 'Umar b. Abd al-'Aziz who somehow was just, the other caliphs did not exemplify justice, instead they showed great injustice and oppression towards the people, especially the [[Shi'a]]. There was a great deal of corruption, discrimination, and tendencies for revenge in their courts.{{citation needed}} | Apart from 'Umar b. Abd al-'Aziz who somehow was just, the other caliphs did not exemplify justice, instead they showed great injustice and oppression towards the people, especially the [[Shi'a]]. There was a great deal of corruption, discrimination, and tendencies for revenge in their courts.{{citation needed}} | ||
== Scientific Movement == | == Scientific Movement == | ||
From 94/712- | From 94/712-3 to 114/732-3, there was a period of different schools of [[fiqh]] emerging and narrating many hadiths about [[exegesis]]. This was because of the weakening of the [[Umayyad]] government and the conflicts among statesmen over power. [[Sunni]] scholars, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Makhul al-Shami, Hisham b. 'Urwa, etc. were active in narrating hadiths and issuing [[Fatwa]], and other groups tried to spread their own beliefs such as [[Khawarij]], [[Murji'a]], [[Kaysaniyya]], and [[Ghulat]].{{citation needed}} | ||
Before this time, Shi'a jurisprudential viewpoints were clarified in a few issues like adhan, taqiyya, funeral prayer, .... By the begining of Imam al-Baqir's (a) imamate a great scientific movement by him emerged in Shi'a which reached its peak at the time of his son, Imam al-Sadiq (a). He (a) was superior to all nobles of Banu Hashim in knowledge, piety, dignity, and merits. His narrations in religion, conduct of the Prophet (s), Qur'an sciences, moral conduct, and manners are more than what remained from the children of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) until then.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 507.</ref> It was in this period that Shi'a started to well establish its culture -including fiqh, exegiseis, and ethics.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 295.</ref> | Before this time, Shi'a jurisprudential viewpoints were clarified in a few issues like adhan, taqiyya, funeral prayer, .... By the begining of Imam al-Baqir's (a) imamate a great scientific movement by him emerged in Shi'a which reached its peak at the time of his son, Imam al-Sadiq (a). He (a) was superior to all nobles of Banu Hashim in knowledge, piety, dignity, and merits. His narrations in religion, conduct of the Prophet (s), Qur'an sciences, moral conduct, and manners are more than what remained from the children of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) until then.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 507.</ref> It was in this period that Shi'a started to well establish its culture -including fiqh, exegiseis, and ethics.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 295.</ref> | ||
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[[File:Al-Baqi' before being demolished.jpg|300px|thumb|The historical dome of [[Imams of al-Baqi']] which was destroyed by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] in 1925. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a) is one of the four Imams of the Shia buried here.]] | [[File:Al-Baqi' before being demolished.jpg|300px|thumb|The historical dome of [[Imams of al-Baqi']] which was destroyed by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] in 1925. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a) is one of the four Imams of the Shia buried here.]] | ||
{{Map of al-Baqi'}} | {{Map of al-Baqi'}} | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) passed away on [[Dhu l-Hijjah 7]], [[114]]/[[ | Imam al-Baqir (a) passed away on [[Dhu l-Hijjah 7]], [[114]]/[[January 28]], 733<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 61.</ref>. There are other opinions about the year of his demise. | ||
There are different narrations and historical opinions regarding the person who martyred Imam al-Baqir (a). Some sources have mentioned [[Hisham b. Abd al-Malik]] as the one who martyred him<ref>Kafʿamī, ''al-Miṣbāh'', p. 691.</ref>. Some have accused Ibrahim b. al-Walid as the person who poisoned the Imam (a)<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 216; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib'', Vol. 4, P. 228.</ref>. Some narrations have considered [[Zayd b. al-Hasan]] as the person who facilitated the plot for martyring the Imam (a). In either case, Imam al-Baqir (a) was martyred during the caliphate of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 289.</ref>, because his caliphate was from 108/726- | There are different narrations and historical opinions regarding the person who martyred Imam al-Baqir (a). Some sources have mentioned [[Hisham b. Abd al-Malik]] as the one who martyred him<ref>Kafʿamī, ''al-Miṣbāh'', p. 691.</ref>. Some have accused Ibrahim b. al-Walid as the person who poisoned the Imam (a)<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 216; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib'', Vol. 4, P. 228.</ref>. Some narrations have considered [[Zayd b. al-Hasan]] as the person who facilitated the plot for martyring the Imam (a). In either case, Imam al-Baqir (a) was martyred during the caliphate of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 289.</ref>, because his caliphate was from 108/726-7 until 125/742-3 and the last year ever mentioned for the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) is 118/736.{{citation needed}} | ||
Although the reports are seemingly different, it is not impossible that they could all be correct to a certain degree. There lies a possibility that several people cooperated in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a), as the reports refer to each of them. Regarding the violent behavior of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik towards Imam al-Baqir (a) and the undeniable enmity of [[Umayyads]] with Imam Ali's (a) descendants, there is no doubt that Hisham had strong motivation to play a role in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) even if it was indirectly. Clearly, to have made his plot materialize, Hisham would have used trustworthy people. Therefore, he employed Ibrahim b. al-Walid who was an Umayyad and an enemy of the [[Ahl al-bayt (a)]], who could use a person who could easily enter the home of Imam al-Baqir (a). Through him, the scheming plot of Hisham unfolded and Imam (a) was martyred.{{citation needed}} | Although the reports are seemingly different, it is not impossible that they could all be correct to a certain degree. There lies a possibility that several people cooperated in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a), as the reports refer to each of them. Regarding the violent behavior of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik towards Imam al-Baqir (a) and the undeniable enmity of [[Umayyads]] with Imam Ali's (a) descendants, there is no doubt that Hisham had strong motivation to play a role in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) even if it was indirectly. Clearly, to have made his plot materialize, Hisham would have used trustworthy people. Therefore, he employed Ibrahim b. al-Walid who was an Umayyad and an enemy of the [[Ahl al-bayt (a)]], who could use a person who could easily enter the home of Imam al-Baqir (a). Through him, the scheming plot of Hisham unfolded and Imam (a) was martyred.{{citation needed}} | ||