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'''Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| محمد بن علي بن حسین بن علي بن أبي طالب}}) (b. [[57]]/677 – d. [[114]]/733) known as '''Imām al-Bāqir (a)''' and '''Bāqir al-'Ulūm''', was the fifth Imam of the [[Shi'a]], whose period of [[Imamate]] lasted nineteen years.
'''Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| محمد بن علي بن حسین بن علي بن أبي طالب}}) (b. [[57]]/677 – d. [[114]]/733) known as '''Imām al-Bāqir (a)''' and '''Bāqir al-'Ulūm''', was the fifth Imam of the [[Shi'a]], whose period of [[Imamate]] lasted nineteen years.


The period of the imamate of Imam al-Baqir (a) was contemporary with the weakening of the [[Umayyad]] government and the struggle among them for power. In this period, Imam al-Baqir (a) made a great scientific movement which reached its peak at the time of his son [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. He (a) was greater than anyone in knowledge, piety, grandeur, and merits. His narrations in religion, [[conduct of the Prophet (s)]], [[Qur'an sciences]], moral conduct, and manner is more than what is remained from the children of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. Thus, during his [[imamate]], a great step was taken towards organization of Shi'i thought in different fields including [[ethics]], [[fiqh]], [[kalam]], [[exegesis]], etc.
Imam al-Baqir (a) made a great scientific movement which reached its peak at the time of his son [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. His narrations in religion, [[conduct of the Prophet (s)]], [[Qur'an sciences]], moral conduct, and manner is more than what is remained from the children of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. Thus, during his [[imamate]], a great step was taken towards organization of Shi'i thought in different fields including [[ethics]], [[fiqh]], [[kalam]], [[exegesis]], etc. According to historical sources he was present at [[Battle of Karbala]] as a child.
 
Great scholars from the [[Sunni]] school of thought have attested to his scholarly and religious fame.  


== Lineage==
== Lineage==
Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib, known as Imam al-Baqir (a) was the fifth [[Imam]] of the [[Shi'a]] faith, son of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], the fourth Imam of the Shi'a faith. His mother was [[Fatima bt. al-Imam al-Hasan (a)|Umm 'Abd Allah]], daughter of [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 155</ref> Hence he is called Hashimite among Hashimites, 'Alavi among 'Alavis, and Fatimi among Fatimis.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 158; Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 8, p. 390. </ref>
Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib, known as al-Baqir (a) was the fifth [[Imam]] of the [[Shi'a]] faith, son of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], the fourth Imam of the Shi'a faith. His mother was [[Fatima bt. al-Imam al-Hasan (a)|Umm 'Abd Allah]], daughter of [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 155</ref> Hence he is called Hashimite among Hashimites, 'Alavi among 'Alavis, and Fatimi among Fatimis.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 158; Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 8, p. 390. </ref>


=== Naming, Kunya, and Titles ===
=== Naming, Epithet, and Titles ===
Many years before Imam al-Baqir (a) was born, the [[Prophet (s)]] named him Muhammad and titled him as Baqir. A narration from [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] and others corroborates with this.<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī, ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p.144-145.</ref>
Many years before Imam al-Baqir (a) was born, the [[Prophet (s)]] named him Muhammad and titled him as al-Baqir. [[Hadith al-Lawh]] transmitted by [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] and others corroborates with this.<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī, ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p.144-145.</ref>


His titles were,al-Baqir, al-Shakir (the thankful to God), and al-Hadi (the guide), the former of which is his most famous title. The meaning of "al-Baqir" is "splitter." Al-Ya'qubi wrote that, "He (a) was named al-Baqir since he split knowledge."<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 289.</ref> His famous kunya is Abu Ja'far.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 216</ref> In hadith references, he (a) is mostly referred to as Abu Ja'far al-Awwal.
His titles were, al-Baqir, al-Shakir (the thankful to God), and al-Hadi (the guide), the former of which is his most famous title. The meaning of "al-Baqir" is "splitter." Al-Ya'qubi wrote that, "He (a) was named al-Baqir since he split knowledge."<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 289.</ref> His famous epithet is Abu Ja'far.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 216</ref> In hadith references, he (a) is mostly referred to as Abu Ja'far al-Awwal.


{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}}
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}}


== Birth==
== Birth==
Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on [[Friday]] [[Rajab 1]], [[57]]/[[May 10]], 677 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 215; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-wara'', vol. 1, p. 498.</ref> Some have reported his birth to have been on [[Safar 3]]/[[December 16]] of the same year (57/676)<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 46, p. 212.</ref>. He was a small child and present in the [[Event of Karbala]]<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'',vol. 2, p. 289.</ref>.
Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on Friday [[Rajab 1]], [[57]]/[[May 10]], 677 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 215; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-wara'', vol. 1, p. 498.</ref> Some have reported his birth to have been on [[Safar 3]]/[[December 16]] of the same year (57/676)<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 46, p. 212.</ref>. He was a small child and present in the [[Battle of Karbala]]<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'',vol. 2, p. 289.</ref>.


== Wives and Children ==
== Wives and Children ==
In narrations, [[Umm Farwa bt. Qasim b. Muhammad|Umm Farwa]] is mentioned as the wife of Imam al-Baqir (a), who was the mother of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Also narrations mention another woman called [[Umm Hakim bt. Usayd al-Thaqafi|Umm Hakim]], daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi as a wife of Imam (a), who was the mother of two of the Imam's (a) children and another wife of Imam (a) who was a concubine and the mother of three other children of Imam (a)<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 524.</ref>.
In narrations, [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim b. Muhammad|Umm Farwa]] is mentioned as the wife of Imam al-Baqir (a), who was the mother of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Also narrations mention another woman called [[Umm Hakim bt. Usayd al-Thaqafi|Umm Hakim]], daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi as a wife of Imam (a), who was the mother of two of the Imam's (a) children and another wife of Imam (a) who was a concubine and the mother of three other children of Imam (a)<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 524.</ref>.


The number of the children of Imam al-Baqir (a) was seven, including five sons and two daughters:
The number of the children of Imam al-Baqir (a) was seven, including five sons and two daughters:
{{col-begin|2}}
{{col-begin|2}}
# [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Ja'far]]
# [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Ja'far]]
# 'Abd Allah: the mother of these two was Umm Farwa, daughter of Qasim b. Muhammad.
# 'Abd Allah: the mother of these two was Umm Farwa, daughter of al-Qasim b. Muhammad.
# Ibrahim
# Ibrahim
# 'Ubayd Allah: the mother of him and Ibrahim was Umm Hakim, daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi. No children remained from these two sons.
# 'Ubayd Allah: the mother of him and Ibrahim was Umm Hakim, daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi. No children remained from these two sons.
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=== Proofs of Imamate ===
=== Proofs of Imamate ===
[[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] narrated, in his response to a question about [[Imam]]s after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "[[al-Hasan (a)]] and [[al-Husayn (a)]], the two Masters of the Youths of Paradise, then the Master of Worshippers of his time [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]], then al-Baqir, Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), whom you will see, O Jabir..."<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī,  ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p.144-145.</ref>
[[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] narrated, in his response to a question about [[Imam]]s after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "[[al-Hasan (a)]] and [[al-Husayn (a)]], the two Masters of the Youths of Paradise, then the Master of Worshipers of his time [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]], then al-Baqir, Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), whom you will see, O Jabir..."<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī,  ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p.144-145.</ref>


Also, Imam al-Sajjad (a) frequently attracted attention towards his son, Imam al-Baqir (a). For example, when his other son 'Umar asked him about why Imam al-Sajjad (a) paid more attention to Imam al-Baqir (a), Imam (a) answered, "It is because the imamate will remain in his descendants until the day [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|our Upriser]] rises and will fill the world with justice and equality. So, he [al-Baqir] is both Imam and the father of Imams (a)."<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī,  ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p. 237</ref>
Also, Imam al-Sajjad (a) frequently attracted attention towards his son, Imam al-Baqir (a). For example, when his other son 'Umar asked him about why Imam al-Sajjad (a) paid more attention to Imam al-Baqir (a), Imam (a) answered, "It is because the imamate will remain in his descendants until the day [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|our Upriser]] rises and will fill the world with justice and equality. So, he [al-Baqir] is both Imam and the father of Imams (a)."<ref>Qummī al-Rāzī,  ''Kifāyat al-athar'', p. 237</ref>
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# [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (105/723-4 - 125/742-3)
# [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] (105/723-4 - 125/742-3)


Apart from 'Umar b. Abd al-'Aziz who somehow was just, the other caliphs did not exemplify justice, instead they showed great injustice and oppression towards the people, especially the [[Shi'a]]. There was a great deal of corruption, discrimination, and tendencies for revenge in their courts.{{citation needed}}
It is reported that 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan minted coins with Islamic inscriptions for the first time with the suggestion of Imam al-Baqir (a).<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol.1, p.654</ref> Before that Roman coins were used in transactions. Some have attributed the suggestion to Imam al-Sajjad (a) as the story has occurred in the time of Imam al-Sajjad (a), others believe that Imam al-Baqir (s) suggested minting coins by the order of Imam al-Sajjad (a).<ref>Ḥusaynī Māzandarānī, ''al-ʿIqd al-munīr'', vol.1, p.75</ref>


== Scientific Movement ==
== Scientific Movement ==
From 94/712-3 to 114/732-3, there was a period of different schools of [[fiqh]] emerging and narrating many hadiths about [[exegesis]]. This was because of the weakening of the [[Umayyad]] government and the conflicts among statesmen over power. [[Sunni]] scholars, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Makhul al-Shami, Hisham b. 'Urwa, etc. were active in narrating hadiths and issuing [[Fatwa]], and other groups tried to spread their own beliefs such as [[Khawarij]], [[Murji'a]], [[Kaysaniyya]], and [[Ghulat]].{{citation needed}}
From 94/712-13 to 114/732-33, there was a period of different schools of [[fiqh]] emerging and narrating many hadiths about [[exegesis]]. This was because of the weakening of the [[Umayyad]] government and the conflicts among statesmen over power. [[Sunni]] scholars, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Makhul al-Shami, Hisham b. 'Urwa, etc. were active in narrating hadiths and issuing [[Fatwa]], and other groups tried to spread their own beliefs such as [[Khawarij]], [[Murji'a]], [[Kaysaniyya]], and [[Ghulat]].{{citation needed}}


Before this time, Shi'a jurisprudential viewpoints were clarified in a few issues like adhan, taqiyya, funeral prayer, .... By the begining of Imam al-Baqir's (a) imamate a great scientific movement by him emerged in Shi'a which reached its peak at the time of his son, Imam al-Sadiq (a).  He (a) was superior to all nobles of Banu Hashim in knowledge, piety, dignity, and merits. His narrations in religion, conduct of the Prophet (s), Qur'an sciences, moral conduct, and manners are more than what remained from the children of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) until then.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 507.</ref> It was in this period that Shi'a started to well establish its culture -including fiqh, exegiseis, and ethics.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 295.</ref>
Before this time, Shi'a jurisprudential viewpoints were clarified in a few issues like adhan, taqiyya, funeral prayer, .... By the begining of Imam al-Baqir's (a) imamate a great scientific movement by him emerged in Shi'a which reached its peak at the time of his son, Imam al-Sadiq (a).  He (a) was superior to all nobles of Banu Hashim in knowledge, piety, dignity, and merits. His narrations in religion, conduct of the Prophet (s), Qur'an sciences, moral conduct, and manners are more than what remained from the children of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) until then.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 507.</ref> It was in this period that Shi'a started to well establish its culture -including fiqh, exegiseis, and ethics.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 295.</ref>
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* Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Sīyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ''. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnūṭ. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1414 AH.
* Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Sīyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ''. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnūṭ. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1414 AH.
* Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥmmad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā taḥṣīl masāʾil al-sharīʾa''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
* Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥmmad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā taḥṣīl masāʾil al-sharīʾa''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
* Ḥusaynī Māzandarānī, Sayyid Mūsā. ''Al-ʿIqd al-munīr fī taḥqīq mā yataʿallaq bi-l-dirahim wa l-danānīr'', Tehran, Maktabat al-Ṣadūq, 1382Sh.
* Ibn Hajar al-Haytamī, Aḥmad b. Muḥmmad. ''Al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥraqah''. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhira, n.d.
* Ibn Hajar al-Haytamī, Aḥmad b. Muḥmmad. ''Al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥraqah''. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhira, n.d.
* Ibn Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Al-Fihrist''. Translated by Muḥammad Riḍā Tajaddud. 3rd edition. Tehran: Chāpkhāni-yi Sipihr, 1366 Sh.
* Ibn Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Al-Fihrist''. Translated by Muḥammad Riḍā Tajaddud. 3rd edition. Tehran: Chāpkhāni-yi Sipihr, 1366 Sh.
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