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'Abbas is considered by Shi'a among the children of Imams (a) holding the highest positions. Shi'a speak of his merits and mourn for him especially on the Day of [[Tasu'a]] (9th of Muharram). | 'Abbas is considered by Shi'a among the children of Imams (a) holding the highest positions. Shi'a speak of his merits and mourn for him especially on the Day of [[Tasu'a]] (9th of Muharram). | ||
He is considered the exemplar of dignity, bravery, generosity, and | He is considered the exemplar of dignity, bravery, generosity, and obedience of the infallible Imam (a). In [[Karbala]], he was the standard-bearer and water-supplier of the army of his brother, al-Husayn b. 'Ali (a) and thus he is also known among Shi'a as Saqqa [the water-supplier] of the plain of Karbala. | ||
According to reports, after the caravan of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] faced with the problem of the shortage of water, al-'Abbas | According to reports, after the caravan of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] faced with the problem of the shortage of water, al-'Abbas succeeded to bring water for the family and companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) on the 7th of Muharram . On the day of 'Ashura', once again he (a) attempted to bring water from the [[Euphrates]]; but on his return, they shot his leather water pouch, cut his hands and martyred him. | ||
== Lineage, Kunyas, and Titles == | == Lineage, Kunyas, and Titles == | ||
The father of al-'Abbas was the first Imam of Shi'a, Imam 'Ali (a) and his mother was [[Fatima bt. Hizam]] whom Imam 'Ali (a) married years after the martyrdom of [[Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and she was then known as Umm al-Banin.<ref>al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 429; Qummi, ''Nafas al-mahmum'', p. 285</ref> | The father of al-'Abbas was the first Imam of Shi'a, Imam 'Ali (a) and his mother was [[Fatima bt. Hizam]] whom Imam 'Ali (a) married years after the martyrdom of [[Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and she was then known as Umm al-Banin.<ref>al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 429; Qummi, ''Nafas al-mahmum'', p. 285</ref> | ||
===Birth=== | |||
Al-'Abbas was born on Sha'ban 4, 26/May 18, 647 in Medina. As a child he studied under his father. Imam 'Ali (a) has said:"My son, 'Abbas, learned knowledge from me when he was a child, like a pigeon that takes food from its mother." He was always with his father during the 14 years that they lived together. He participated in the [[Battle of Siffin]] in 37/657. There are some reports about his bravery in this battle. | |||
===Kunya=== | |||
* Abu l-Fadl is the most famous [[kunya]] of al-'Abbas.<ref>Ibn Nama Hilli, ''Muthir al-ahzan'', p. 254; Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin'', p. 89</ref> | |||
* Abu l-Qasim is another kunya of al-'Abbas which is adopted from the [[Ziyara al-Arba'in]] where [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] addresses him, "Peace be upon you, O Abu l-Qasim; Peace be with you O al-'Abbas b. 'Ali".<ref>'Allama al-Majlisi,''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 101, p. 330</ref> | |||
===Titles=== | |||
His titles are: | His titles are: | ||
{{cb|4}} | {{cb|4}} | ||
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{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
== Wife and Children == | == Wife and Children == | ||
'Abbas married Lubaba, daughter of [['Ubayd Allah b. 'Abbas]]<ref>al-Zubayri, ''Nasab-i quraysh'', vol. 1, p. 79; al-Baghdadi, ''al-Muhabbar'', vol. 1, p. 44</ref> | 'Abbas married Lubaba, daughter of [['Ubayd Allah b. 'Abbas]].<ref>al-Zubayri, ''Nasab-i quraysh'', vol. 1, p. 79; al-Baghdadi, ''al-Muhabbar'', vol. 1, p. 44</ref> They had two sons called al-Fadl and 'Ubayd Allah. Sources have reported other children for him named Hasan, Qasim, Muhammad and a daughter. It is said that Qasim and Muhammad were martyred after their father. The progeny of al-'Abbas continued through 'Ubayd Allah.<ref>Hadimanish, "Farzandan wa nawadigan hazrat 'Abbas".</ref> | ||
Many shrines are attributed to the descendants of al-'Abbas in different cities including [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], and [[Zanjan]].<ref>See: Rabbani Khalkhali, ''Chihriyi dirakhshan qamar-i bani hashim'', vol. 2, p. 127-227</ref> | Many shrines are attributed to the descendants of al-'Abbas in different cities including [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], and [[Zanjan]].<ref>See: Rabbani Khalkhali, ''Chihriyi dirakhshan qamar-i bani hashim'', vol. 2, p. 127-227</ref> | ||
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=== Bringing Water === | === Bringing Water === | ||
On the 7th of Muharram, when [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] ordered [['Umar b. Sa'd]] to subdue Husayn (a) and his companions and prevent their access to the water of the [[Euphrates]], Imam (a) called al-'Abbas and sent 30 horsemen with 20 foot soldiers with him to fill leather | On the 7th of Muharram, when [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] ordered [['Umar b. Sa'd]] to subdue Husayn (a) and his companions and prevent their access to the water of the [[Euphrates]], Imam (a) called al-'Abbas and sent 30 horsemen with 20 foot soldiers with him to fill leather water pouches with water and return to the camp.<ref>al- Tabari, ''Tarikh Tabari (Trikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk)'', vol. 5, p. 412; al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 430; Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin'', p. 78; Ibn A'tham, ''al-Futuh'', vol. 5, p. 92</ref> | ||
On the day of 'Ashura', he (a) went again to Euphrates to bring water by the order of Imam (a), but when he filled a leather | On the day of 'Ashura', he (a) went again to Euphrates to bring water by the order of Imam (a), but when he filled a leather water pouch, on the way back to the tents, they shot his leather water pouch and martyred him.<ref>pishwaiy, ''maqtal-i jami'-i sayyid al-shuhada, vol. 1, p. 838</ref> | ||
===Rejecting the Safe Conduct=== | ===Rejecting the Safe Conduct=== | ||
On the evening of [[Tasu'a]], [[Shimr]] went near the tents of the caravan of Imam al-Husayn (a), and offered a safe conduct for sons of [[Umm al-Banin]], including al-'Abbas,<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 3, p. 183</ref> but al-'Abbas ignored him, until [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] asked him to reply to Shimr. Al-'Abbas told Shimr, "May your hands be cut and curse [of God] be upon your safe conduct. O the enemy of God! Do you suggest us leave our brother and master al-Husayn (a), son of [[Fatima (s)]] and join the cursed, sons of the cursed?! You give us safe conduct while the son of [[the Prophet (s)]] [Husayn b. 'Ali (a)] is not safe?!"<ref>Ibn A'tham, ''al-Futuh'', vol. 5, p. 94; Ha'iri Mazandarani, ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn'', vol. 1, p. 433; Abu Mikhnaf, ''Waq'at al-taf'', p. 219-220 </ref> | On the evening of [[Tasu'a]], [[Shimr]] went near the tents of the caravan of Imam al-Husayn (a), and offered a safe conduct for sons of [[Umm al-Banin]], including al-'Abbas,<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 3, p. 183</ref> but al-'Abbas ignored him, until [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] asked him to reply to Shimr. Al-'Abbas told Shimr, "May your hands be cut and curse [of God] be upon your safe conduct. O the enemy of God! Do you suggest us leave our brother and master al-Husayn (a), son of [[Fatima (s)]] and join the cursed, sons of the cursed?! You give us safe conduct while the son of [[the Prophet (s)]] [Husayn b. 'Ali (a)] is not safe?!"<ref>Ibn A'tham, ''al-Futuh'', vol. 5, p. 94; Ha'iri Mazandarani, ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn'', vol. 1, p. 433; Abu Mikhnaf, ''Waq'at al-taf'', p. 219-220 </ref> | ||
Shimr called al-'Abbas as his nephew because Shimr and al-'Abbas' mother, Umm al-Banin, were from the same tribe i.e. Banu Kilab. | |||
=== Guarding the Tents === | === Guarding the Tents === | ||
On the eve of 'Ashura', al-'Abbas took the responsibility of guarding the tents of Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Bahr al-'Ulm, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', p. 314; Ha'iri Mazandarani, ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn'', vol. 1, p. 433</ref> | On the eve of 'Ashura', al-'Abbas took the responsibility of guarding the tents of Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Bahr al-'Ulm, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', p. 314; Ha'iri Mazandarani, ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn'', vol. 1, p. 433</ref> Although Imam al-Husayn (a) had asked the enemy to postpone the battle for one more night, al-'Abbas was walking around the tents and guarding them as a matter of caution, when [[Zuhayr b. al-Qayn]] came to him. | ||
Zuhayr told al-'Abbas about how Imam 'Ali (a) proposed to [[Umm al-Banin]] and mentioned that the intention of Imam 'Ali (a) from marriage was having brave sons, and said, "O al-'Abbas! Your father wanted you for a day like today; behold not to fail to fulfill your duty!" Al-'Abbas became angry about such words and told him, "Zuhayr! Do you want to lionize me with such words?! By God I swear, I would not fail to assist and support my brother until death. I will show you that tomorrow in a way that you would have never seen in your life!"<ref>Bahr al-'Ulm, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', p. 314; Birjandi, ''Kibrit al-ahmar'', p. 386; al-Muzaffar, ''Batl al-'alqami'', vol. 1, p. 97</ref> | Zuhayr told al-'Abbas about how Imam 'Ali (a) proposed to [[Umm al-Banin]] and mentioned that the intention of Imam 'Ali (a) from marriage was having brave sons, and said, "O al-'Abbas! Your father wanted you for a day like today; behold not to fail to fulfill your duty!" Al-'Abbas became angry about such words and told him, "Zuhayr! Do you want to lionize me with such words?! By God I swear, I would not fail to assist and support my brother until death. I will show you that tomorrow in a way that you would have never seen in your life!"<ref>Bahr al-'Ulm, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', p. 314; Birjandi, ''Kibrit al-ahmar'', p. 386; al-Muzaffar, ''Batl al-'alqami'', vol. 1, p. 97</ref> | ||
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=== Standard-bearing === | === Standard-bearing === | ||
In the morning of 'Ashura', when Imam al-Husayn (a) finished his prayer and worships, the enemy's army held a military position and announced war. Imam (a) prepared his | In the morning of 'Ashura', when Imam al-Husayn (a) finished his prayer and worships, the enemy's army held a military position and announced war. Imam (a) prepared his troops for defense. They consisted of 32 horsemen and 40 foot soldiers. | ||
Imam (a) appointed Zuhayr b. al-Qayn on the right wing and [[Habib b. Mazahir]] on the left wing and gave the standard to al-'Abbas in the middle of his people.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p. 338; 'Allama al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 45, p. 4; Sibt b. Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawas, vol. 2, p. 161; al-Tabrisi, ''A'lam al-Wra'', vol. 1, p. 457; al-Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p. 25</ref> | Imam (a) appointed Zuhayr b. al-Qayn on the right wing and [[Habib b. Mazahir]] on the left wing and gave the standard to al-'Abbas in the middle of his people.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p. 338; 'Allama al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 45, p. 4; Sibt b. Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawas, vol. 2, p. 161; al-Tabrisi, ''A'lam al-Wra'', vol. 1, p. 457; al-Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p. 25</ref> | ||
=== Breaking the Siege of the Enemy === | === Breaking the Siege of the Enemy === | ||
In the first hours of the battle, four | In the first hours of the battle, four troops of Imam al-Husayn (a) with the names of [['Amr b. Khalid al-Saydawi]], [[Jabir b. al-Harith al-Salmani]], [[Mujammi' b. 'Abd Allah al-'Aidhi]] and [[Sa'd Mawla of 'Amr b. Khalid al-Saydawi|Sa'd, the slave of 'Amr b. Khalid]] made a group attack to the army of Kufa. | ||
The enemy | The enemy besieged them. When the ring of siege was so tightened that they completely disconnected from Imam's (a) army, al-'Abbas rushed towards them alone and succeeded to break the siege and rescue the four.<ref>al-Amin, A'yan al-Shi'a, vol. 7, p. 430; al- Tabari, Tarikh Tabari (Trikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk), vol. 5, p. 446; Ha'iri Mazandarani, Ma'ali al-sibtayn, vol. 1, p. 443</ref> | ||
== Martyrdom == | == Martyrdom == | ||
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Historians have narrated the [[martyrdom]] of al-'Abbas differently: | Historians have narrated the [[martyrdom]] of al-'Abbas differently: | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote: | ||
:: "when al-'Abbas b. 'Ali (a), may God's blessings be upon him, saw that many of his relatives were martyred, told his brothers [['Abd Allah b. 'Ali|'Abd Allah]], [[Ja'far b. 'Ali|Ja'far]], and [['Uthman b. 'Ali|'Uthman]], 'O sons of my mother! You go ahead so that I see you have purified your goal for God and the Prophet (s), since you do not have any children.' Then 'Abd Allah went to battle and fought severely. Then he and Hani b. Thubayt al-Hadrami exchanged two hits of sword and Hani killed him. Then Ja'far b. 'Ali (a), may God's blessings be upon him, went ahead and Hani killed him too. When 'Uthman b. 'Ali filled the empty place of his brothers, [[Khawli b. Yazid]] shot an arrow toward him and dropped him down. Then, a man from Banu Darim attacked him and beheaded him. | |||
[[File:The ceremony of Alambandan in Masuleh Iran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The traditional mourning ceremony of [['Alambandan]] in [[Masuleh]], a city in northern [[Iran]]. In this ceremony which is done every year in [[mourning]] days of [[Muharram]], people of the city do Sinizani, while they're singing a special song about [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)]].]] | :: [[File:The ceremony of Alambandan in Masuleh Iran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The traditional mourning ceremony of [['Alambandan]] in [[Masuleh]], a city in northern [[Iran]]. In this ceremony which is done every year in [[mourning]] days of [[Muharram]], people of the city do Sinizani, while they're singing a special song about [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)]].]] | ||
The army of 'Umar b. Sa'd rushed toward the camp of Imam al-Husayn (a) and besieged them. When Imam (a) became so thirsty went on the top of a hill and headed towards the Euphrates while his brother al-'Abbas was walking ahead of him. | :: The army of 'Umar b. Sa'd rushed toward the camp of Imam al-Husayn (a) and besieged them. When Imam (a) became so thirsty went on the top of a hill and headed towards the Euphrates while his brother al-'Abbas was walking ahead of him. | ||
The army of 'Umar b. Sa'd stopped them. Among them, there was a man from Banu Darim tribe who told the army, "Woe be to you! Stop him from reaching the Euphrates and do not let him reach the water. Imam al-Husayn (a) said, "O God! Let him die thirsty!" That man became angry and shot an arrow towards Imam (a) which hit Imam (a) under his chin. Imam (a) took the arrow out and put his hand on the wound. When his hand became full of blood, let them spill and said, "O God! I complain to you about what they do about the son of the Prophet's (s) daughter." He (a) then came back while he (a) was very thirsty. The army besieged al-'Abbas and separated him from Imam al-Husayn (a). He (a) fought them until he was martyred. [[Zayd b. Warqa' al-Hanafi]] and [[Hakim b. Tufayl al-Sunbusi]] killed al-'Abbas after he (a) could not move due to severity of his wounds.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p. 411-412; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''Tarjumi Irshad'', p. 109-110</ref> | :: The army of 'Umar b. Sa'd stopped them. Among them, there was a man from Banu Darim tribe who told the army, "Woe be to you! Stop him from reaching the Euphrates and do not let him reach the water. Imam al-Husayn (a) said, "O God! Let him die thirsty!" That man became angry and shot an arrow towards Imam (a) which hit Imam (a) under his chin. Imam (a) took the arrow out and put his hand on the wound. When his hand became full of blood, let them spill and said, "O God! I complain to you about what they do about the son of the Prophet's (s) daughter." He (a) then came back while he (a) was very thirsty. The army besieged al-'Abbas and separated him from Imam al-Husayn (a). He (a) fought them until he was martyred. [[Zayd b. Warqa' al-Hanafi]] and [[Hakim b. Tufayl al-Sunbusi]] killed al-'Abbas after he (a) could not move due to severity of his wounds.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p. 411-412; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''Tarjumi Irshad'', p. 109-110</ref> | ||
About his martyrdom, al-Khwarazmi said, "al-'Abbas went to the battle and attacked the enemy while he (a) was making war cry and was martyred after he (a) killed some and wounded some others. Then Imam (a) came and sat with him and said | About his martyrdom, al-Khwarazmi said, "al-'Abbas went to the battle and attacked the enemy while he (a) was making war cry and was martyred after he (a) killed some and wounded some others. Then Imam (a) came and sat with him and said: | ||
::: "Now my back is broken and my solutions are diminished."<ref>al-Khwarazi, ''aqtal al-Husayn'', vol. 2, p. 34; al-Muqarram, ''Hadisi-yi karbala'', p. 262</ref> | |||
About his martyrdom, [[Ibn Shahrashub]] wrote, "al-'Abbas was the water-bearer, Qamar Bani Hashim and the standard-bearer of Imam al-Husayn (a) who was elder than his brothers. He (a) went out of the camp to bring water. The enemy attacked him and he (a) fought them and dispersed them. Then Zayd b. Warqa' al-Juhani who had ambushed behind a palm tree was helped by Hakim b. Tufayl al-Sunbusi to hit the right hand of al-'Abbas and cut him. al-'Abbas took the sword with his left hand and attacked them, but he (a) was weakened. Then Hakam b. Tufayl al-Ta'i who had ambushed behind a palm tree, hit him on his left hand. Then al-'Abbas shouted, | About his martyrdom, [[Ibn Shahrashub]] wrote, "al-'Abbas was the water-bearer, Qamar Bani Hashim and the standard-bearer of Imam al-Husayn (a) who was elder than his brothers. He (a) went out of the camp to bring water. The enemy attacked him and he (a) fought them and dispersed them. Then Zayd b. Warqa' al-Juhani who had ambushed behind a palm tree was helped by Hakim b. Tufayl al-Sunbusi to hit the right hand of al-'Abbas and cut him. al-'Abbas took the sword with his left hand and attacked them, but he (a) was weakened. Then Hakam b. Tufayl al-Ta'i who had ambushed behind a palm tree, hit him on his left hand. Then al-'Abbas shouted, | ||
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*Birjandi, Muhammad Baqir. ''Kibrit al-ahmar''. Tehran: Kitab Furushi Islamiyyi, 1377Sh. | *Birjandi, Muhammad Baqir. ''Kibrit al-ahmar''. Tehran: Kitab Furushi Islamiyyi, 1377Sh. | ||
*Baghdadi, Muhammad b. Habib al-. ''Al-Muhabbar''. Beirut: Manshurat Dar al-Afaq al-Jadida. | *Baghdadi, Muhammad b. Habib al-. ''Al-Muhabbar''. Beirut: Manshurat Dar al-Afaq al-Jadida. | ||
*Hadimanish, Abu | *Hadimanish, Abu l-Fadl. 1384Sh. "Farzandan wa nawadigan hazrat 'Abbas". ''Farhang Kawsar'' 64. | ||
*Ha'iri Mazandarani, Muhammad Mahdi. ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn''. Beirut: Mu'asisat al-Nu'man, 1412AH-1992. | *Ha'iri Mazandarani, Muhammad Mahdi. ''Ma'ali al-sibtayn''. Beirut: Mu'asisat al-Nu'man, 1412AH-1992. | ||
*Ibn A'tham al-Kufi. ''Al-Futuh''. Ed. 'Ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1411AH-1991. | *Ibn A'tham al-Kufi. ''Al-Futuh''. Ed. 'Ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1411AH-1991. | ||
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*Ibn Qulawayh, Ja'far b. Muhammad. ''Kamil al-ziyarat''. Tehran: Payam Haqq, 1377Sh. | *Ibn Qulawayh, Ja'far b. Muhammad. ''Kamil al-ziyarat''. Tehran: Payam Haqq, 1377Sh. | ||
*Ibn Shahrashub, Muhammad b. 'Ali. ''Manaqib al Abi Talib''. Najaf: Matba'at al-Hiydaiyya, 1376AH. | *Ibn Shahrashub, Muhammad b. 'Ali. ''Manaqib al Abi Talib''. Najaf: Matba'at al-Hiydaiyya, 1376AH. | ||
*Isfahani, Abu | *Isfahani, Abu l-Faraj. 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin''. Beirut: Mu'asisat al-A'lami lil Matbu'at, 1408AH-1987. | ||
*pishwaiy, Mahdi. ''Maqtal-i jami'-i sayyid al-shuhada''. Qom: Mu'asisi Amuzishi Pazhuhishi Imam Khomeini, 1390Sh. | *pishwaiy, Mahdi. ''Maqtal-i jami'-i sayyid al-shuhada''. Qom: Mu'asisi Amuzishi Pazhuhishi Imam Khomeini, 1390Sh. | ||
*Qummi, 'Abbas. ''Nafas al-mahmum''. Hijrat, 1376Sh. | *Qummi, 'Abbas. ''Nafas al-mahmum''. Hijrat, 1376Sh. | ||