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A short time after [[immigration to Medina]], [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] built a [[mosque]] there, which later was called [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (The mosque of the Prophet). Afterwards a number of houses were built around the mosque for Prophet Muhammad (s) and some of the [[companions]]. All these houses had an exit door and an extra door leading to this mosque. They used it for entering al-Masjid al-Nabawi in [[praying]] time. However, [[God]] ordered Prophet Muhammad (s) to close all of the doors of houses which could be opened to the mosque, except [['Ali b. Abi Talib]]'s house. | A short time after [[immigration to Medina]], [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] built a [[mosque]] there, which later was called [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (The mosque of the Prophet). Afterwards a number of houses were built around the mosque for Prophet Muhammad (s) and some of the [[companions]]. All these houses had an exit door and an extra door leading to this mosque. They used it for entering al-Masjid al-Nabawi in [[praying]] time. However, [[God]] ordered Prophet Muhammad (s) to close all of the doors of houses which could be opened to the mosque, except [['Ali b. Abi Talib]]'s house. | ||
A number of people became upset by this order and complained about it. Prophet (s) replied: "I am ordered by God, to close all the doors except for 'Ali b. Abi Talib's. I heard your words. By God, I did not order to close or open any door of the mosque. I was assigned to give such an order and I fulfilled the assignment." | A number of people became upset by this order and complained about it. Prophet (s) replied: "I am ordered by God, to close all the doors except for 'Ali b. Abi Talib's. I heard your words. By God, I did not order to close or open any door of the mosque. I was assigned to give such an order and I fulfilled the assignment."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 342; Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn'', p. 118; Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Faḍāʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn'', p. 177.</ref> | ||
Some | Some scholar<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Baṭrīq, ''ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār'', p. 176; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 204; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> including [[al-Qadi al-Nu'man al-Maghribi]] said in his ''[[Sharh al-akhbar fi fada'il al-A'imma al-Athar (book)|Sharh al-akhbar]]'', "[[Al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], uncle of the Prophet (s), went to the Prophet (s) and said, 'Are you prohibiting [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar]] and me, your uncle, while only allowed 'Ali to leave his door open to the mosque?!' The Prophet (s) said, 'it was the order of God.'"<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> Elsewhere, al-Qadi al-Nu'man said that this was a question of [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] from the Prophet (s).<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 196.</ref> [[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] (d. [[2019 CE|2019]]), has not considered this sentence by Hamza' as an objection to the Prophet (s), but a question about the secret behind this command.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> | ||
=== Time of Incident === | === Time of Incident === | ||
Exact time of the incident of Sadd al-Abwab is not mentioned in historical and hadith sources. [[Al-Majlisi]] has mentioned that it happened on the [[Day of 'Arafa]] without mentioning the year of its happening. According to some names and other evidences, researchers have made speculations about the year of this incident and have proposed two major opinions: | Exact time of the incident of Sadd al-Abwab is not mentioned in historical and hadith sources. [[Al-Majlisi]] has mentioned that it happened on the [[Day of 'Arafa]] without mentioning the year of its happening.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 384.</ref> According to some names and other evidences, researchers have made speculations about the year of this incident and have proposed two major opinions: | ||
* First years after [[Hijra|migration to Medina]] (circa 623 C.E.) : some, referring to the question of Hamza from the Prophet (s), have said that it happened in first years of Hijra. Mentioning the name of [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]], daughter of the Prophet (s) in this story is a support for their opinion. In this report, it has been mentioned that [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] closed the door of his house to the mosque as well and that time, Ruqayya, his wife was still alive. | * First years after [[Hijra|migration to Medina]] (circa 623 C.E.) : some, referring to the question of Hamza from the Prophet (s), have said that it happened in first years of Hijra.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 6, p. 122; Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 16, p. 348.</ref> Mentioning the name of [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]], daughter of the Prophet (s) in this story is a support for their opinion. In this report, it has been mentioned that [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] closed the door of his house to the mosque as well and that time, Ruqayya, his wife was still alive.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 343.</ref> | ||
* Last years of the Prophet's (s) life and after the [[conquest of Mecca]] (632 C.E.): objection of [[Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], the Prophet's (s) uncle for closing the door of his house shows that it was after the conquest of Mecca, because Abbas was settled in Medina after the conquest of Mecca. Another issue which supports this opinion is its concurrence with [[Hadith of Manzila|hadith of Manzila]]. And even some believe that this hadith is mentioned to support hadith of Manzila. According to some historians, hadith of Manzilat was mentioned in different times, most important one of which was after the [[battle of Tabuk]]. | * Last years of the Prophet's (s) life and after the [[conquest of Mecca]] (632 C.E.): objection of [[Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], the Prophet's (s) uncle for closing the door of his house<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> shows that it was after the conquest of Mecca, because Abbas was settled in Medina after the conquest of Mecca.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> Another issue which supports this opinion is its concurrence with [[Hadith of Manzila|hadith of Manzila]].<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> And even some believe that this hadith is mentioned to support hadith of Manzila.<ref>Yūsufī Gharawī, ''Mawsūʿat al-tārīkh al-Islāmī'', vol. 3, p.530.</ref> According to some historians, hadith of Manzilat was mentioned in different times,<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 29, p. 272-273.</ref> most important one of which was after the [[battle of Tabuk]].<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 277; vol. 3, p. 417; vol. 7, p. 513, 591; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 129; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 1870-1871; Tirmidhī, ''Sunan al-tirmidhī'', vol. 5, p. 638, 640-641; Nisāʾyī, ''Sunan Nisāʾyī'', p. 50-61; Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 133-134; Ṭabarī, ''al-Rīyaḍ al-naḍara fī manāqib al-ʿashara'', vol. 3, p. 117-119; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 5, p. 78; Haythamī, ''Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid wa manbaʿ al-fawāʾid'', vol. 9, p. 110; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 16, p. 301; Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ'', p. 168; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 3, p. 236, 291; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 13, p. 163, 171, 172; Mīr Ḥāmid Ḥusayn. ''ʿAbaqāt al-anwār'', vol. 2, part 1, p. 29-59; Sharaf al-Dīn, ''al-Murājiʿāt'', p. 130; Ḥuusaynī Mīlānī, ''Nafaḥāt al-azhār'', vol. 18, p. 363-411.</ref> | ||
==Hadith's Chain of Transmission== | ==Hadith's Chain of Transmission== | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] has narrated this incident from different narrators. As he said, the hadith Sadd al-Abwab was narrated by about thirty companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) such as: [[Zayd b. Arqam]], [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], [[Umm Salama]], [[Abu Rafi']] etc. | [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] has narrated this incident from different narrators.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 2, p. 36-40.</ref> As he said, the hadith Sadd al-Abwab was narrated by about thirty companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) such as: [[Zayd b. Arqam]], [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], [[Umm Salama]], [[Abu Rafi']] etc. | ||
[[Ibn al-Bitriq]] has mentioned eleven hadiths from different sources on this incident in the twentieth chapter named ''Fi sadd al-abwab min al-masjid illa bab 'Ali'' (about the closing of the doors from the mosque except the door of 'Ali), of his book ''[[Al-'Umda (book)|al-Umda]]''. | [[Ibn al-Bitriq]] has mentioned eleven hadiths from different sources on this incident in the twentieth chapter named ''Fi sadd al-abwab min al-masjid illa bab 'Ali'' (about the closing of the doors from the mosque except the door of 'Ali), of his book ''[[Al-'Umda (book)|al-Umda]]''. <ref>Ibn Baṭrīq, ''al-ʿUmda'', p. 175-181.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Qunduzi]] has mentioned numerous hadiths with different sources in the seventeenth chapter of the book ''[[Yanabi' al-mawadda]]'' called "Fi sadd al-abwab min al-masjid illa bab 'Ali". [[Ibn 'Asakir]] has allocated thirty pages of his book, ''Tarjamat Imam 'Ali b. Abi Talib'' on this hadith. | [[Al-Qunduzi]] has mentioned numerous hadiths with different sources in the seventeenth chapter of the book ''[[Yanabi' al-mawadda]]'' called "Fi sadd al-abwab min al-masjid illa bab 'Ali".<ref>Qundūzī, ''Yanābīʿ al-mawada'', vol. 1, p. 275-260.</ref> [[Ibn 'Asakir]] has allocated thirty pages of his book, ''Tarjamat Imam 'Ali b. Abi Talib'' on this hadith.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tarjuma-yi Imām ʿAlī'', vol. 1, p. 275-305.</ref> | ||
According to [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]] the hadith of Sadd al-Abwab is regarded as a [[Mutawatir]] hadith. [['Allama Amini]] has explained in his book, ''[[al-Ghadir]]'': "Sunni scholars have narrated the hadith Sadd al-Abwab with numerous and [[Sahih]] (authentic) sources from a number of companions of Prophet (s), which can be regarded as Mutawatir (frequent) hadith." | According to [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]] the hadith of Sadd al-Abwab is regarded as a [[Mutawatir]] hadith.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 39, p. 35.</ref> [['Allama Amini]] has explained in his book, ''[[al-Ghadir]]'': "Sunni scholars have narrated the hadith Sadd al-Abwab with numerous and [[Sahih]] (authentic) sources from a number of companions of Prophet (s), which can be regarded as Mutawatir (frequent) hadith."<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 3, p. 202.</ref> | ||
==Special Privilege of Imam 'Ali (a)== | ==Special Privilege of Imam 'Ali (a)== | ||
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:# Marrying [[Lady Fatima (a)]], | :# Marrying [[Lady Fatima (a)]], | ||
:# Settling in Masjid al-Nabi and having what Prophet Muhammad (s) had (as the result of keeping the door of his house open), | :# Settling in Masjid al-Nabi and having what Prophet Muhammad (s) had (as the result of keeping the door of his house open), | ||
:# Prophet Muhammad (s) gave him the flag of Muslims' army in the [[battle of Khaybar]]." | :# Prophet Muhammad (s) gave him the flag of Muslims' army in the [[battle of Khaybar]]."<ref>Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 125.</ref> | ||
In addition, according to a narration from [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]: "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was given three privileges, which I strongly desired: | In addition, according to a narration from [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]: "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was given three privileges, which I strongly desired: | ||
# He was married to Lady Fatima (a), and then they were the parents of [[Hasan (a)]] and [[Husayn (a)]]; | # He was married to Lady Fatima (a), and then they were the parents of [[Hasan (a)]] and [[Husayn (a)]]; | ||
# In the battle of Khaybar, Prophet Muhammad (s) said: "I will give the flag of Muslims' army to a person who is loved by God and his Prophet." and it was given to 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a); | # In the battle of Khaybar, Prophet Muhammad (s) said: "I will give the flag of Muslims' army to a person who is loved by God and his Prophet." and it was given to 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a); | ||
# God ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for 'Ali's house." | # God ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for 'Ali's house."<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 2, p. 26.</ref> | ||
===Referring to Sadd al-Abwab=== | ===Referring to Sadd al-Abwab=== | ||
A [[six-member council]] was held after the death of [['Umar]] in order to choose his successor. In the meeting, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) mentioned the incident of Sadd al-Abwab and the others acknowledged it: "Is there anyone who is regarded privileged by the Holy book of God, so as Prophet Muhammad (s) closed all the doors of the [[Immigrants]]' houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi, but mine?" | A [[six-member council]] was held after the death of [['Umar]] in order to choose his successor. In the meeting, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) mentioned the incident of Sadd al-Abwab and the others acknowledged it: "Is there anyone who is regarded privileged by the Holy book of God, so as Prophet Muhammad (s) closed all the doors of the [[Immigrants]]' houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi, but mine?"<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 3, p. 213.</ref> | ||
==Similar Hadith for Abu Bakr== | ==Similar Hadith for Abu Bakr== | ||
However, in contrast to the hadith Sadd al-Abwab on 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), a number of [[Sunni]] scholars have narrated a hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s), in which he ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for [[Abu Bakr]]'s house. | However, in contrast to the hadith Sadd al-Abwab on 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), a number of [[Sunni]] scholars have narrated a hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s), in which he ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for [[Abu Bakr]]'s house.<ref>ʿAmr b. Abī ʿAṣim, ''Kitāb al-sunna'', p. 565; Bayhaqī Aḥmad b. Ḥusayn, ''al-Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 442; Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ''Faḍāʾīl al-ṣaḥāba'', p. 3.</ref> | ||
[[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]], Sunni [[Mu'tazila]] scholar, expressed that the hadith Sadd al-Abwab on Abu Bakr is a fake hadith which is created by [[Bakriyya]] (followers of Abu Bakr), as he said: "Bakriya are followers of Abu Bakr, who created hadiths for Abu Bakr in contrast to the hadiths which were narrated on Ali b. Abi Talib (a)."<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 11, p. 49.</ref> | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. '' | * Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1397 AH. | ||
* | * ʿĀmilī, al-Sayyid Jaʿfar al-Murtaḍā al-. ' ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1425 AH. | ||
* ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: 1421 AH. | |||
* Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. ''Faḍāʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ṭabaṭabaʾī. Qom: Dār al-Tafsīr, 1420 AH. | |||
* Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Edited by Muḥammad Dhihnī Afandī. Istanbul: 1401 AH. | |||
* Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn''. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]. | |||
* Haythamī, ʿAlī b. Abūbakr. ''Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid wa manbaʿ al-fawāʾid''. Beirut: 1402 AH. | |||
* Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | * Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | ||
* Ḥuusaynī Mīlānī, ʿAlī. ''Nafaḥāt al-azhār fī khulāṣat ʿabaqāt al-anwār''. Qom: 1384 Sh. | |||
* Karakī, Sayyid Muḥammad. ''Taslīyat al-majālis wa zīnat al-majālis''. Qom: Muʾassisa al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīya, 1418 AH. | |||
* Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH. | * Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH. | ||
* | * Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. ''Musnad al-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Beirut: 1414 AH. | ||
* Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1376 Sh. | * Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1376 Sh. | ||
* Ibn Baṭrīq, Yaḥya b. Ḥasan. ''ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār fī manāqib Imām al-abrār''. Qom: Muʾassisa Nashr-i Islāmī, 1407 AH. | * Ibn Baṭrīq, Yaḥya b. Ḥasan. ''ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār fī manāqib Imām al-abrār''. Qom: Muʾassisa Nashr-i Islāmī, 1407 AH. | ||
* Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. ''Tarjuma-yi Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Maḥmūdī, 1987. | * Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. ''Tarjuma-yi Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Maḥmūdī, 1987. | ||
* Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. [n.p]: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, [n.d]. | * Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. [n.p]: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, [n.d]. | ||
* | * Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Wafaʾ, 1403 AH. | ||
* | * Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār''. Edited by Muḥammad Dhihnī Afandī. Istanbul, 1401 AH. | ||
* | * Muslim Nayshābūrī. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. Edited by Muḥammad fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī . Istanbul: 1413 AH. | ||
* | * Muttaqī Hindī, ʿAlī b. Ḥisām al-Dīn. ''Kanz al-ʿummāl fī al-sunan wa al-afʿāl''. Edited by Bakrī Ḥayānī and Ṣafwa Saqā. Beirut: 1409 AH. | ||
* | * Mīr Ḥāmid Ḥusayn. ''ʿAbaqāt al-anwār fī imāmat al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Mubārak and others. volume 2. Mashhad: 1383 Sh. | ||
* | * Nisāʾyī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Tahdhīb khaṣāʾiṣ al-Imām ʿAlī''. Edited by Abū Ishāq Ḥuwaynī ʾAtharī. Beirut: 1406 AH. | ||
* Qundūzī, Sulaymān b. Ibrāhīm. ''Yanābīʿ al-mawadat li-dhi l-qurbā''. Dār al-Uswa, 1416 AH. | |||
* Shūshtarī, Nūr Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq wa izhāq al-bāṭil''. 1st edition. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyatullāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1409 AH. | |||
* Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Qom: Maktabaṭ Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH. | |||
* Sharaf al-Dīn, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Al-Murājiʿāt''. Edited by Ḥusayn Rāḍī. Qom: 1416 AH. | |||
* Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Qom: 1370 Sh. | |||
* Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā''. Tehran: Nashr-i Jahān, 1378 AH. | |||
* Tirmidhī, Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsā al-. ''Sunan al-tirmidhī''. Edited by Ibrāhīm ʿUṭwa. volume 5. Beirut: [n.d]. | |||
* Ṭabarī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Rīyaḍ al-naḍara fī manāqib al-ʿashara''. Beirut: 1405 AH. | |||
* Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. London: 1996. | |||
* Yūsufī Gharawī, Muḥammad Hādī. ''Mawsūʿat al-tārīkh al-Islāmī''. Qom: Majmaʿ Andīsha Islāmī, 1417 AH. | |||
{{end}} | |||
{{Important Events of Early Islamic History}} | {{Important Events of Early Islamic History}} | ||
{{Virtues of Imam Ali (a)}} | {{Virtues of Imam Ali (a)}} | ||
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