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I'tikaf: Difference between revisions
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
I'tikaf is derived from " 'a-k-f " ({{inlineArabic|عکف}}) which mostly means adhering to, devoting to or dedicating to something as a sign of honoring. Derivatives form this word has been used in the [[Qur'an]] in this meaning. In spite of that, "'Akif" ({{inlineArabic|عاکف}}) ([[Surah al-Hajj]] 25) meaning resident and "Ma'kuf" ({{inlineArabic|معکوف}}) ([[Surah al-Fath]]: 25) meaning forbidden are two derivatives from the same root used in the Qur'an. | I'tikaf is derived from " 'a-k-f " ({{inlineArabic|عکف}}) which mostly means adhering to, devoting to or dedicating to something as a sign of honoring.<ref>Rāghib, ''Mufradāt'', p. 355.</ref> Derivatives form this word has been used in the [[Qur'an]] in this meaning.<ref>See: Qurān, 2: 125; 7: 138; 20: 97; 26: 71.</ref> In spite of that, "'Akif" ({{inlineArabic|عاکف}}) ([[Surah al-Hajj]] 25) meaning resident and "Ma'kuf" ({{inlineArabic|معکوف}}) ([[Surah al-Fath]]: 25) meaning forbidden are two derivatives from the same root used in the Qur'an. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
In [[fiqh]], I'tikaf is defined as staying and residing in a [[mosque]] for at least three days and also observing required conditions with the intention of getting close to [[God]]. | In [[fiqh]], I'tikaf is defined as staying and residing in a [[mosque]] for at least three days and also observing required conditions with the intention of getting close to [[God]].<ref>Rāghib, ''Mufradāt'', p. 355.</ref> | ||
===In Sufism=== | ===In Sufism=== | ||
In [[Sufism]], I'tikaf means emptying your heart from worldly concerns and submitting yourself to your Lord. Hence I'tikaf means staying and residing, it also means staying and not getting away from God's threshold so that he forgives you. | In [[Sufism]], I'tikaf means emptying your heart from worldly concerns and submitting yourself to your Lord. Hence I'tikaf means staying and residing, it also means staying and not getting away from God's threshold so that he forgives you.<ref>Jurjānī, ''al-Taʿrīfāt'', p. 25.</ref> | ||
==I'tikaf before Islam== | ==I'tikaf before Islam== | ||
Although Muslims learned how to perform I'tikaf from [[The Prophet (s)|their Prophet]], there was a ritual similar to I'tikaf prevalent amongst Arabs before Islam. For instance, it has been narrated that [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] asked the Prophet (s) that he had [[nadhr|vowed]] during the [[Jahiliyya|Ignorance era]] to stay in [[Masjid al-Haram]] for a night and the Prophet (s) told him to fulfill it. | Although Muslims learned how to perform I'tikaf from [[The Prophet (s)|their Prophet]],<ref>Mālik, ''Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ'', vol. 1, p. 314.</ref> there was a ritual similar to I'tikaf prevalent amongst Arabs before Islam. For instance, it has been narrated that [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] asked the Prophet (s) that he had [[nadhr|vowed]] during the [[Jahiliyya|Ignorance era]] to stay in [[Masjid al-Haram]] for a night and the Prophet (s) told him to fulfill it.<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 3, p. 105-110; Ibn Māja, ''Sunan ibn Māja'', vol.1, p. 563.</ref> | ||
==The Prophet's I'tikaf== | ==The Prophet's I'tikaf== | ||
There is no information whether the Prophet (s) performed I'tikaf in Masjid al-Haram before [[Hijra]] (emigration to Medina). However, in his first year in [[Medina]], he performed I'tikaf in the first ten days of the month of [[Ramadan]], the next year in the second ten days and afterward in the last ten days of the month of Ramadan. A tent was set up for him in the mosque during these days. | There is no information whether the Prophet (s) performed I'tikaf in Masjid al-Haram before [[Hijra]] (emigration to Medina). However, in his first year in [[Medina]], he performed I'tikaf in the first ten days of the month of [[Ramadan]], the next year in the second ten days and afterward in the last ten days of the month of Ramadan. A tent was set up for him in the mosque during these days.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 175.</ref> | ||
==Rulings and Conditions== | ==Rulings and Conditions== | ||
===Time=== | ===Time=== | ||
There is no special time for I'tikaf. However according to [[hadith]]s, the Prophet (s) did it in the month of Ramadan; thus this month is the best time for it, especially the last ten days. Based on these hadiths, I'tikaf during these days is very [[Mustahab]] (highly recommended) although it remains Mustahab in other times. Nowadays, holding the ritual of I'tikaf during [[Ayyam al-Bid]] of the month of [[Rajab]] is very prevalent in [[Iran]]. | There is no special time for I'tikaf. However according to [[hadith]]s, the Prophet (s) did it in the month of Ramadan;<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 175.</ref> thus this month is the best time for it, especially the last ten days.<ref>See: Shahīd al-Thānī, ''al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya'', vol. 2, p. 149; Jazīrī, ''al-Fiqh ʿala l-madhāhib al-arbaʿa'', vol. 1, p. 582.</ref> Based on these hadiths, I'tikaf during these days is very [[Mustahab]] (highly recommended) although it remains Mustahab in other times. Nowadays, holding the ritual of I'tikaf during [[Ayyam al-Bid]] of the month of [[Rajab]] is very prevalent in [[Iran]]. | ||
===Duration=== | ===Duration=== | ||
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* ''Al-Kafaf fi masa'il al-I'tikaf'': written by Mulla [[Muhammad Ja'far Shari'atmadar Astarabadi]] (d. 1263/1847). A copy of it is preserved in the [[library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi]] in [[Qom]]. | * ''Al-Kafaf fi masa'il al-I'tikaf'': written by Mulla [[Muhammad Ja'far Shari'atmadar Astarabadi]] (d. 1263/1847). A copy of it is preserved in the [[library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi]] in [[Qom]]. | ||
* ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries. | * ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries. | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
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* ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ''. Beirut: n.p. , 1405 AH- 1985. | * ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ''. Beirut: n.p. , 1405 AH- 1985. | ||
* Balkhī, al-Shaykh Niẓām al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Fatāwa l-Hindīyya''. Cairo: n.p. , 1323 AH. | * Balkhī, al-Shaykh Niẓām al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Fatāwa l-Hindīyya''. Cairo: n.p. , 1323 AH. | ||
* Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿat al-Munīrīyya, n.d. | * Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿat al-Munīrīyya, n.d. | ||
* Ibn Hubayra, Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Ifṣāḥ ʿan mʿāni l-ṣiḥāḥ''. Edited by Muḥammad Rāghib al-Ṭabbākh. Aleppo: n.p. , 1366 AH, 1947. | * Ibn Hubayra, Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Ifṣāḥ ʿan mʿāni l-ṣiḥāḥ''. Edited by Muḥammad Rāghib al-Ṭabbākh. Aleppo: n.p. , 1366 AH, 1947. | ||
* Ibn Māja, Muḥammad b. Yazīd. ''Sunan ibn Māja''. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Cairo: n.p. , 1952-1953. | * Ibn Māja, Muḥammad b. Yazīd. ''Sunan ibn Māja''. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Cairo: n.p. , 1952-1953. | ||