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I'tikaf: Difference between revisions
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===Duration=== | ===Duration=== | ||
According to [[Shi'a]] jurisprudence, duration of I'tikaf must not be less than three days (from the dawn of the first day to the sunset of the third day). If the I'tikaf is Mustahab (the performer did not make compulsory by making vow or oath) Mu'tkif may quit it before the sunset of the second day. But after the sunset of the second day, finishing it to the end of the third day is obligatory ([[Wajib]]). The same ruling is applied to the sixth, ninth, twelfth day and so on. | According to [[Shi'a]] jurisprudence, duration of I'tikaf must not be less than three days (from the dawn of the first day to the sunset of the third day). If the I'tikaf is Mustahab (the performer did not make compulsory by making vow or oath) Mu'tkif may quit it before the sunset of the second day. But after the sunset of the second day, finishing it to the end of the third day is obligatory ([[Wajib]]).<ref>Muḥaqiq al-Ḥillī, ''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 216.</ref> The same ruling is applied to the sixth, ninth, twelfth day and so on. | ||
There are many different opinions about the duration of I'tikaf among [[Sunni]]s, most of which believe that there is no minimum duration for it. | There are many different opinions about the duration of I'tikaf among [[Sunni]]s, most of which believe that there is no minimum duration for it.<ref>Ibn Rushd, ''Bidāyat al-mujtahid'', vol. 1, p. 314.</ref> | ||
===Place=== | ===Place=== | ||
[[File:Mutakif Students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in Tehran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mu'takif students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. Some of the students are reciting the [[Qur'an]], while some others are sleeping.]] | [[File:Mutakif Students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in Tehran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mu'takif students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. Some of the students are reciting the [[Qur'an]], while some others are sleeping.]] | ||
According to some hadiths, [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], [[Masjid al-Kufa]] and the mosque of [[Basra]] are the only places for I'tikaf, but according to some others, every [[Masjid al-Jami']] (the main and usually biggest mosque of a city) or every mosque that a just Imam has performed [[friday prayer|Jum'ah]] or [[Congregational prayer]] in it is suitable for I'tikaf. | According to some hadiths, [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], [[Masjid al-Kufa]] and the mosque of [[Basra]] are the only places for I'tikaf, but according to some others, every [[Masjid al-Jami']] (the main and usually biggest mosque of a city) or every mosque that a just Imam has performed [[friday prayer|Jum'ah]] or [[Congregational prayer]] in it is suitable for I'tikaf.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 176; Mufīd, ''Al-Muqnaʿa'', p. 363.</ref> | ||
Based on hadiths, Shi'a jurists ([[faqih]]) have different opinions here. Most of the earlier faqihs supported the first group of hadiths while in the following centuries this speciality were doubted. For instance, [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] and [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] said that limiting the place of I'tikaf to the [[Four Mosques]], is a very weak opinion. Moreover, some faqihs allowed I'tikaf in every mosque with the intention of ''Rajāʾ'' (hoping to receive a probable reward rather than the assured one, because the faqih is not sure whether this act is really Mustahab or not). Nowadays most of contemporary faqihs permit performing I'tikaf in Masjid al-Jami' and some other important mosque of each city. | Based on hadiths, Shi'a jurists ([[faqih]]) have different opinions here. Most of the earlier faqihs supported the first group of hadiths<ref>See: Ṣadūq, ''al-muqniʿ'', p. 18; also see: Sayyid Murtaḍā, ''Al-Intiṣār'', p. 72; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 272. </ref> while in the following centuries this speciality were doubted. For instance, [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] and [[al-Shahid al-Thani]]<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī, ''al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya'', vol. 2, p. 150.</ref> said that limiting the place of I'tikaf to the [[Four Mosques]], is a very weak opinion. Moreover, some faqihs allowed I'tikaf in every mosque with the intention of ''Rajāʾ'' <ref>Khomeini, ''Taḥrīr al-wasīla'', vol. 1, p. 305.</ref>(hoping to receive a probable reward rather than the assured one, because the faqih is not sure whether this act is really Mustahab or not). Nowadays most of contemporary faqihs permit performing I'tikaf in Masjid al-Jami' and some other important mosque of each city. | ||
===Fasting=== | ===Fasting=== | ||
Fasting is one of the necessary conditions of I'tikaf according to Shi'a's [[fiqh]]. Therefore, Mu'takif should fast during the I'tikaf and If someone couldn't fast -- such as, [[passenger]], sick people, Ha'id (a woman during her Menstruation), [[Nifas|Nufasa']] -- or did not fast deliberately, his/her I'tikaf is void. Also, since fasting is [[Haram (forbidden)|haram]] (forbidden) in [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], I'tikaf in these Eids and from two days before these Eids, so that the third day of the I'tikaf coincide with the Eid, is void. | Fasting is one of the necessary conditions of I'tikaf according to Shi'a's [[fiqh]].<ref>Mālik, ''al-Muwaṭṭaʾ'', vol. 1, p. 315; Muḥaqiq al-Ḥillī, ''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 215.</ref> Therefore, Mu'takif should fast during the I'tikaf and If someone couldn't fast -- such as, [[passenger]], sick people, Ha'id (a woman during her Menstruation), [[Nifas|Nufasa']] -- or did not fast deliberately, his/her I'tikaf is void. Also, since fasting is [[Haram (forbidden)|haram]] (forbidden) in [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], I'tikaf in these Eids and from two days before these Eids, so that the third day of the I'tikaf coincide with the Eid, is void. | ||
There is no necessity that the fasting to be especial for I'tikaf and it is allowed to take compensation fasting or a fasting which has became [[wajib|obligatory]] because of [[nadhr]] (vow). | There is no necessity that the fasting to be especial for I'tikaf and it is allowed to take compensation fasting or a fasting which has became [[wajib|obligatory]] because of [[nadhr]] (vow). | ||
[[Maliki]] and majority of [[Hanafi]]s consider fasting as a necessary element for I'tikaf too (rest of Hanafis say fasting is not compulsory in Mustahab I'tikaf). On the other hand, Shafi'i and [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] - in the most famous narration from him - basically believe that fasting is not a condition at all. | [[Maliki]] and majority of [[Hanafi]]s consider fasting as a necessary element for I'tikaf too (rest of Hanafis say fasting is not compulsory in Mustahab I'tikaf).<ref>See: Samarqandī, ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 372; Shaykh Niẓām al-Dīn, ''al-Fatāwa l-Hindīyya'', vol. 1, p. 211. </ref> On the other hand, Shafi'i and [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] - in the most famous narration from him - basically believe that fasting is not a condition at all.<ref>See: Shāfiʿī, ''al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 107; Ibn Hubayra, ''al-Ifṣāḥ'', vol. 1, p. 170; also see: Marwzī, ''Ikhtilāf al-ʿulamāʾ'', p. 75. </ref> | ||
===Staying in Mosque=== | ===Staying in Mosque=== | ||
Leaving the [[mosque]] during I'tikaf is not permitted. However there are exceptions such as: participation in [[Salat al-Jum'a]], participation in funeral (tashi'), giving testimony, visiting a sick and preparing food and water. Even in these cases, Mu'takif must not sit while being out of the mosque and must not walk in shade as much as possible. | Leaving the [[mosque]] during I'tikaf is not permitted. However there are exceptions such as: participation in [[Salat al-Jum'a]], participation in funeral (tashi'), giving testimony, visiting a sick and preparing food and water. Even in these cases, Mu'takif must not sit while being out of the mosque and must not walk in shade as much as possible.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 178; Ibn Rushd, ''Bidāyat al-mujtahid'', vol. 1, p. 317; Muḥaqiq al-Ḥillī, ''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 217. </ref> | ||
===Forbidden Acts in I'tikaf=== | ===Forbidden Acts in I'tikaf=== | ||
Sexual activities - even kissing -, using perfumes, selling and buying - except for food and other necessary things - and arguing about worldly affairs are forbidden to the Mu'takif. Some of the above-mentioned activities void the I'tikaf and also cause [[Kaffara]] (atonement). | Sexual activities - even kissing -, using perfumes, selling and buying - except for food and other necessary things - and arguing about worldly affairs are forbidden to the Mu'takif. Some of the above-mentioned activities void the I'tikaf and also cause [[Kaffara]] (atonement).<ref>Ibn Hubayra, ''al-Ifṣāḥ'', vol. 1, p. 171; Muḥaqiq al-Ḥillī, ''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 219-220; Jazīrī, ''al-Fiqh ʿala l-madhāhib al-arbaʿa'', vol. 1, p. 585-587. </ref> | ||
==Works about I'tikaf== | ==Works about I'tikaf== | ||
I'tikaf as an important jurisprudential topic was a subject of some individual and independent works. Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi'i and Dawud b. 'Ali al-Isfahani, from [[Sunni]] school and [[Abu l-Fadl al-Sabuni]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] from Shi'a are some of the most famous faqihs who have authored independent writings about I'tikaf. | I'tikaf as an important jurisprudential topic was a subject of some individual and independent works. Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi'i and Dawud b. 'Ali al-Isfahani, from [[Sunni]] school<ref>See: Ibn Nadīm, ''Al-Fihrist'', p. 264-271.</ref> and [[Abu l-Fadl al-Sabuni]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] from Shi'a<ref>See: Najāshī, ''Rijāl al-Najāshī'', p. 375-389.</ref> are some of the most famous faqihs who have authored independent writings about I'tikaf. | ||
Among the mid and recent Shi'a works, these could be mentioned: | Among the mid and recent Shi'a works, these could be mentioned: | ||
* ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Mu'in al-Din Salim b. Badran al-Basri]] (alive in 626/1229). | * ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Mu'in al-Din Salim b. Badran al-Basri]] (alive in 626/1229).<ref>See: Āghā Buzurg, ''al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 230.</ref> | ||
* ''Al-I'tikafiyya'' or ''Ma' al-hayat wa safi l-furat'': written by [[Lutf Allah al-Miysi al-'Amili]] (d. 1033/1624) which is published recently by the effort of [[Rasul Ja'fariyan]]. | * ''Al-I'tikafiyya'' or ''Ma' al-hayat wa safi l-furat'': written by [[Lutf Allah al-Miysi al-'Amili]] (d. 1033/1624) which is published recently by the effort of [[Rasul Ja'fariyan]]. | ||
* ''Al-Kafaf fi masa'il al-I'tikaf'': written by Mulla [[Muhammad Ja'far Shari'atmadar Astarabadi]] (d. 1263/1847). A copy of it is preserved in the [[library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi]] in [[Qom]]. | * ''Al-Kafaf fi masa'il al-I'tikaf'': written by Mulla [[Muhammad Ja'far Shari'atmadar Astarabadi]] (d. 1263/1847). A copy of it is preserved in the [[library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi]] in [[Qom]].<ref>See: Āghā Buzurg, ''Al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 229; Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Muqaddamiʾī bar fiqh-i Shiʿa'', p. 338.</ref> | ||
* ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries. | * ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries.<ref>Āghā Buzurg, ''al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 229-230.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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* Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-. ''Al-Umm''. Edited by Muḥammad Zahrī al-Najjār. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, n.d. | * Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-. ''Al-Umm''. Edited by Muḥammad Zahrī al-Najjār. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, n.d. | ||
* Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya''. Edited by Muḥammad Kalantar. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH- 1983. | * Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya''. Edited by Muḥammad Kalantar. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH- 1983. | ||
* | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Qom: n.p. , 1407 AH. | ||
* | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Al-Fihrist''. Edited by Jawād al-Qayyūmī. Qom: Muʾassisat Nashr al-Fiqāha, 1417 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||