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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
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== Wife and Children == | == Wife and Children == | ||
=== Wives === | === Wives === | ||
[[Ma'mun al-Abbasi]] married her daughter, called [[Umm al-Fadal]], to Imam al-Jawad (a) in 202/818. This marriage took place following the request of Ma'mun and Imam (a) expressed his consent with this marriage after specifying the dowry similar to that of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] (which was 500 Dirhams). Imam (a) did not have any children from this wife and all his children are from his other wife [[Samana al-Maghribiyya]]. | [[Ma'mun al-Abbasi]] married her daughter, called [[Umm al-Fadal]], to Imam al-Jawad (a) in 202/818.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 7, p. 149.</ref> This marriage took place following the request of Ma'mun and Imam (a) expressed his consent with this marriage after specifying the dowry similar to that of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] (which was 500 Dirhams).<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 382.</ref> Imam (a) did not have any children from this wife<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 380.</ref> and all his children are from his other wife [[Samana al-Maghribiyya]].<ref>Qummī, ''Muntahī l-āmāl'', vol. 2, p. 497.</ref> | ||
Some sources have said that during Imam al-Rida's (a) stay in [[Khorasan]], Imam al-Jawad (a) went to see him and that was when Ma'mun asked him to marry his daughter. | Some sources have said that during Imam al-Rida's (a) stay in [[Khorasan]], Imam al-Jawad (a) went to see him once <ref>Bayhaqī, ''Tārīkh-i Bayhaq'', p. 46.</ref>and that was when Ma'mun asked him to marry his daughter. | ||
According to [[Ibn Kathir]], the marriage contract of Imam al-Jawad (a) and Ma'mun's daughter was made at the time of Imam al-Rida (a) but the marriage ceremony was held by the permission of Ma'mun in 215/830 in Tikrit, [[Iraq]]. According to this report, there is no conflict between the report that some have said that the marriage happened in 202/817 and that some reported in 215/830, but it is not in complete agreement with the famous story of a debate between [[Yahya b. Aktham]] and Imam al-Jawad (a) in Baghdad. | According to [[Ibn Kathir]], the marriage contract of Imam al-Jawad (a) and Ma'mun's daughter was made at the time of Imam al-Rida (a) but the marriage ceremony was held by the permission of Ma'mun in 215/830 in Tikrit,<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 295.</ref> [[Iraq]]. According to this report, there is no conflict between the report that some have said that the marriage happened in 202/817 <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 7, p. 149.</ref>and that some reported in 215/830, but it is not in complete agreement with the famous story of a debate between [[Yahya b. Aktham]] and Imam al-Jawad (a) in Baghdad. | ||
=== His Children === | === His Children === | ||
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Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to Ma'mun. To justify his decision, Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to Ma'mun. To justify his decision, Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | ||
In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[Muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[Fiqh]]. It is said that upon seeing this, Ma'mun said, "Praise to God that what I had thought happened."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', p. 444; Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 224.</ref> | In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[Muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[Fiqh]]. It is said that upon seeing this, Ma'mun said, "Praise to God that what I had thought happened."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 444; Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 224.</ref> | ||
==== Debate about Caliphs ==== | ==== Debate about Caliphs ==== | ||
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==== Waqifids ==== | ==== Waqifids ==== | ||
{{main|Waqifids }} | {{main|Waqifids }} | ||
[[Waqifids]] were another active sect contemporary with Imam al-Jawad (a) who stopped over imamate of [[Imam Musa b. Ja'far (a)]] and did not accept imamate of Imam al-Rida (a). When Imam al-Jawad (a) was asked about praying behind Waqifids, he (a) prohibited Shi'a from doing so. | [[Waqifids]] were another active sect contemporary with Imam al-Jawad (a) who stopped over imamate of [[Imam Musa b. Ja'far (a)]] and did not accept imamate of Imam al-Rida (a). When Imam al-Jawad (a) was asked about praying behind Waqifids, he (a) prohibited Shi'a from doing so.<ref>Ṭūsī, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, quoted from Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 603.</ref> | ||
==== Zaydiyya ==== | ==== Zaydiyya ==== | ||
{{main|Zaydiyya }} | {{main|Zaydiyya }} | ||
Zaidiyya were among other groups contemporary with Imam al-Jawad (a) who had originally branched from Shi'a. There are some hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) in which Imam (a) blames Zaydiyya. | Zaidiyya were among other groups contemporary with Imam al-Jawad (a) who had originally branched from Shi'a. There are some hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) in which Imam (a) blames Zaydiyya.<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 150.</ref> | ||
=== Connection with Shi'as === | === Connection with Shi'as === | ||
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Through appointing agents in different parts of the Islamic world, Imam al-Jawad (a) was connected with Shi'as. That he (a) was not connected with Shi'a directly and benefited from agents had some reasons, one was that Imam (a) was under serious surveillance and control of ruling government and another was that he (a) wanted to make preparations for the [[Occultation]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. | Through appointing agents in different parts of the Islamic world, Imam al-Jawad (a) was connected with Shi'as. That he (a) was not connected with Shi'a directly and benefited from agents had some reasons, one was that Imam (a) was under serious surveillance and control of ruling government and another was that he (a) wanted to make preparations for the [[Occultation]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. | ||
Imam al-Jawad (a) had agents in in Islamic lands including [[Baghdad]], [[Kufa]], [[Ahvaz]], [[Basra]], [[Hamadan]], [[Qom]], [[Rey]], [[Sistan]] and Bost. | Imam al-Jawad (a) had agents in in Islamic lands including [[Baghdad]], [[Kufa]], [[Ahvaz]], [[Basra]], [[Hamadan]], [[Qom]], [[Rey]], [[Sistan]] and Bost.<ref>Jāsim, ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām Dawāzdahum'', p. 79.</ref> | ||
Also, the connection of Shi'a with Imam (a) was through sending letters (See: [[Tawqi']]). Much of the teachings remained from Imam al-Jawad (a) are mentioned in his letters to Shi'as. In their letters, Shi'as mentioned their questions which were mostly jurisprudential issues and Imam (a) answered them. In most cases, the name of the one who has written letter to Imam (a) is mentioned and few cases, the name of the author is not mentioned. | Also, the connection of Shi'a with Imam (a) was through sending letters (See: [[Tawqi']]). Much of the teachings remained from Imam al-Jawad (a) are mentioned in his letters to Shi'as.<ref>See: Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 603.</ref> In their letters, Shi'as mentioned their questions which were mostly jurisprudential issues and Imam (a) answered them. In most cases, the name of the one who has written letter to Imam (a) is mentioned<ref>For example refer to Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 399; vol. 4, p. 275, 534; vol. 5, p. 347; Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 783, 869. </ref> and few cases, the name of the author is not mentioned. | ||
In ''Mawsu'at al-Imam al-Jawad (a)'', except the names the father and son of Imam al-Jawad (a), the names of 63 people with whom Imam (a) had correspondences are collected from hadith and [[Rijal]] sources; however, some letters have been written to a group of Shi'as. | In ''Mawsu'at al-Imam al-Jawad (a)'',<ref>''Mawsūʾat al-Imām al-Jawād (a)'', vol. 2, p. 416, 508.</ref> except the names the father and son of Imam al-Jawad (a), the names of 63 people with whom Imam (a) had correspondences are collected from hadith and [[Rijal]] sources; however, some letters have been written to a group of Shi'as. | ||
Imam al-Jawad (a) also wrote some letters to his agents in different cities such as Hamadan and Bost and also some Shi'as of Iran went to visit him in Medina. These visits are in addition to visits which took place during the days of Hajj between Imam (a) and Shi'as. | Imam al-Jawad (a) also wrote some letters to his agents in different cities such as Hamadan and Bost and also some Shi'as of Iran went to visit him in Medina. These visits are in addition to visits which took place during the days of Hajj between Imam (a) and Shi'as. | ||
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{{see also|Tawassul}} | {{see also|Tawassul}} | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||