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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
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Also, the connection of Shi'a with Imam (a) was through sending letters (See: [[Tawqi']]). Much of the teachings remained from Imam al-Jawad (a) are mentioned in his letters to Shi'as.<ref>See: Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 603.</ref> In their letters, Shi'as mentioned their questions which were mostly jurisprudential issues and Imam (a) answered them. In most cases, the name of the one who has written letter to Imam (a) is mentioned<ref>For example refer to Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 399; vol. 4, p. 275, 534; vol. 5, p. 347; Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 783, 869. </ref> and few cases, the name of the author is not mentioned. | Also, the connection of Shi'a with Imam (a) was through sending letters (See: [[Tawqi']]). Much of the teachings remained from Imam al-Jawad (a) are mentioned in his letters to Shi'as.<ref>See: Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 603.</ref> In their letters, Shi'as mentioned their questions which were mostly jurisprudential issues and Imam (a) answered them. In most cases, the name of the one who has written letter to Imam (a) is mentioned<ref>For example refer to Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 399; vol. 4, p. 275, 534; vol. 5, p. 347; Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 783, 869. </ref> and few cases, the name of the author is not mentioned. | ||
In ''Mawsu'at al-Imam al-Jawad (a)'',<ref>''Mawsūʾat al-Imām al-Jawād (a)'', vol. 2, p. 416, 508.</ref> except the names the father and son of Imam al-Jawad (a), the names of 63 people with whom Imam (a) had correspondences are collected from hadith and [[Rijal]] sources; however, some letters have been written to a group of Shi'as. | In ''Mawsu'at al-Imam al-Jawad (a)'',<ref>''Mawsūʾat al-Imām al-Jawād (a)'', vol. 2, p. 416, 508.</ref> except the names the father and son of Imam al-Jawad (a), the names of 63 people with whom Imam (a) had correspondences are collected from hadith and [[Rijal]] sources; however, some letters have been written to a group of Shi'as.<ref>''Cf.'' Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 331, 398; vol. 5, p. 394; vol, p. 163; Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 783, 869.</ref> | ||
Imam al-Jawad (a) also wrote some letters to his agents in different cities such as Hamadan and Bost and also some Shi'as of Iran went to visit him in Medina. These visits are in addition to visits which took place during the days of Hajj between Imam (a) and Shi'as. | Imam al-Jawad (a) also wrote some letters to his agents in different cities such as Hamadan and Bost and also some Shi'as of Iran went to visit him in Medina. These visits are in addition to visits which took place during the days of Hajj between Imam (a) and Shi'as. | ||
=== Hadiths from Imam (a) === | === Hadiths from Imam (a) === | ||
Since Imam al-Jawad (a) was martyred at the age of 25 and also he (a) was under surveillance and pressure of the government, he (a) did not have much time to promote Shi'a beliefs. However, even in this short period, he (a) made great efforts for educating students and explaining hadiths about jurisprudence, [[exegesis]], [[theology]] and [[supplication]]. What we have received from his time is around 250 hadiths in different Islamic fields. | Since Imam al-Jawad (a) was martyred at the age of 25 and also he (a) was under surveillance and pressure of the government, he (a) did not have much time to promote Shi'a beliefs. However, even in this short period, he (a) made great efforts for educating students and explaining hadiths about jurisprudence, [[exegesis]], [[theology]] and [[supplication]]. What we have received from his time is around 250 hadiths in different Islamic fields.<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 249.</ref> | ||
== Virtues and Merits == | == Virtues and Merits == | ||
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=== Fertility of Trees === | === Fertility of Trees === | ||
Upon the return of Imam al-Jawad (a) from Baghdad to Medina, a group of people accompanied Imam (a) out of Medina to see him off. By the time of Maghrib prayer, they arrived in a place where an old mosque was located. Imam (a) went to that mosque to say his prayer. There was a cedar tree in the yard of that mosque which had not yielded any fruits until that time. Imam (a) asked for some water and made [[Wudu]] beside that tree and then led a [[congregational prayer]] there and after the prayer made a Sajda of gratitude. He (a) then said goodbye to people and went away. The next day, the tree yielded so much fruit and people became so surprised of that. It is narrated from [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] that he has seen this tree many years later and has eaten from its fruits. | Upon the return of Imam al-Jawad (a) from Baghdad to Medina, a group of people accompanied Imam (a) out of Medina to see him off. By the time of Maghrib prayer, they arrived in a place where an old mosque was located. Imam (a) went to that mosque to say his prayer. There was a cedar tree in the yard of that mosque which had not yielded any fruits until that time. Imam (a) asked for some water and made [[Wudu]] beside that tree and then led a [[congregational prayer]] there and after the prayer made a Sajda of gratitude. He (a) then said goodbye to people and went away. The next day, the tree yielded so much fruit and people became so surprised of that. It is narrated from [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] that he has seen this tree many years later and has eaten from its fruits.<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 390; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 278.</ref> | ||
== Martyrdom == | == Martyrdom == | ||
[[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]].Photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | [[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]].Photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | ||
Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/February 5, 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year. | Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/February 5, 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> | ||
The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja/December 5 or 6 and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da. | The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja/December 5 or 6 <ref>Ibn Abī al-Thalj, ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma'', p. 13.</ref>and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da.<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 99; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 106.</ref> | ||
About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a) while he (a) was just 25 years old. Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him. However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of Mu'mun. | About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a) while he (a) was just 25 years old. Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Kitāb al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 320.</ref> However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of Mu'mun. | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it." But Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "Al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness." | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> But Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "Al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness."<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 227.</ref> | ||
== His Companions == | == His Companions == | ||
Many of his companions who were also among the companions of his [[Imam 'Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|father]] and his son ([[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]) had written works in Fiqh and theology and were known as influential people in their own communities. Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) and narrators of his hadiths were about 120 people who have narrated about 250 [[hadith]]s from him. These hadiths are about different subjects in [[Fiqh]], [[exegesis]] and [[theology]]. The small number of hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) is due to his surveillance and his young age at the time of martyrdom. Among his famous companions are [['Ali b. Mahzyar]], [[Ahmad b. Abi Nasr al-Bazanti]], [[Zakariyya b. Adam]], [[Muhammad b. Isma'il b. Bazi']], [[Hasan b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi]] and [[Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Barqi]]. | Many of his companions who were also among the companions of his [[Imam 'Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|father]] and his son ([[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]) had written works in Fiqh and theology and were known as influential people in their own communities. Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) and narrators of his hadiths were about 120 people who have narrated about 250 [[hadith]]s from him. These hadiths are about different subjects in [[Fiqh]], [[exegesis]] and [[theology]]. The small number of hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) is due to his surveillance and his young age at the time of martyrdom. Among his famous companions are [['Ali b. Mahzyar]], [[Ahmad b. Abi Nasr al-Bazanti]], [[Zakariyya b. Adam]], [[Muhammad b. Isma'il b. Bazi']], [[Hasan b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi]] and [[Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Barqi]]. | ||
His companions and narrators of his hadiths were not exclusive to [[Shi'a]] and there were people from other sects including [[Sunni]] sects among them as well. | His companions and narrators of his hadiths were not exclusive to [[Shi'a]] and there were people from other sects including [[Sunni]] sects among them as well.<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 314, 315, 262, 283, 319, 271.</ref> | ||
=== Introducing some of His Companions === | === Introducing some of His Companions === | ||
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It is said that the reason for his immigration from [[Medina]] to Rey was the great pressure and suppression of [[Abbasid]] caliphs which made many [['Alavis]] leave their houses and go to different cities. | It is said that the reason for his immigration from [[Medina]] to Rey was the great pressure and suppression of [[Abbasid]] caliphs which made many [['Alavis]] leave their houses and go to different cities. | ||
'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani went to Rey and passed away there and his [[shrine]] is well known and visited by many people. | 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani went to Rey and passed away there and his [[shrine]] is well known and visited by many people.<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 298-308.</ref> | ||
==== Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi ==== | ==== Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi ==== | ||
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Ibrahim b. Hashim was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has been referred by scholars of [['Ilm al-Rijal|Rijal]] (biographical evaluation) with titles such as Jalil al-Qadr (highly respectable), [[Thiqa]] (reliable) and among the great hadith scholars. | Ibrahim b. Hashim was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has been referred by scholars of [['Ilm al-Rijal|Rijal]] (biographical evaluation) with titles such as Jalil al-Qadr (highly respectable), [[Thiqa]] (reliable) and among the great hadith scholars. | ||
Ibrahim was from [[Kufa]] and moved to [[Qom]] and promoted hadiths and narrations there. The books ''Nawadir'' and ''Judgments of Imam 'Ali (a)'' are among his works. He was among students of [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]] (a companion of [[Imam al-Rida (a)]]). He has narrated hadiths from Imam al-Jawad (a) in different topics such as merits, proofs, companions and [[Zakat]]. | Ibrahim was from [[Kufa]] and moved to [[Qom]] and promoted hadiths and narrations there. The books ''Nawadir'' and ''Judgments of Imam 'Ali (a)'' are among his works. He was among students of [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]] (a companion of [[Imam al-Rida (a)]]). He has narrated hadiths from Imam al-Jawad (a) in different topics such as merits, proofs, companions and [[Zakat]].<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 252, 253.</ref> | ||
== Words of Sunni Figures about Him == | == Words of Sunni Figures about Him == | ||
Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in Fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) an outstanding figure and praised him, some cases of which are mentioned below: | Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in Fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) an outstanding figure and praised him, some cases of which are mentioned below: | ||
* [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]] said, "He followed his father's approach in knowledge, piety and generosity. | * [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]] said, "He followed his father's approach in knowledge, piety and generosity.<ref>Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 321.</ref> | ||
* [[Ibn Hijr Haythami]] wrote, "Al-Ma'mun chose him to become his son-in-law because even with being young, he was superior to all scholars in knowledge and forbearance." | * [[Ibn Hijr Haythami]] wrote, "Al-Ma'mun chose him to become his son-in-law because even with being young, he was superior to all scholars in knowledge and forbearance."<ref>Haythamī, ''al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa'', p. 288.</ref> | ||
* [[Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] said, "Al-Ma'mun became fond of him (Imam al-Jawad (a)) because he saw that even though he was young, he had reached such a great position in knowledge, wisdom, manner and intellectual perfection that none of the great scholars of that time had ever reached." | * [[Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] said, "Al-Ma'mun became fond of him (Imam al-Jawad (a)) because he saw that even though he was young, he had reached such a great position in knowledge, wisdom, manner and intellectual perfection that none of the great scholars of that time had ever reached."<ref>Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn'', p. 237.</ref> | ||
* [[Jahiz 'Uthman]], a [[mu'tazili]], who was among the opponents of the family of [['Ali (a)]] has mentioned Imam al-Jawad (a) among 10 Talibids (family of [[Abu Talib]]) about whom he has said, "every one of them is knowledgeable, pious, worshiping, brave, generous, pure with pure origin." | * [[Jahiz 'Uthman]], a [[mu'tazili]], who was among the opponents of the family of [['Ali (a)]] has mentioned Imam al-Jawad (a) among 10 Talibids (family of [[Abu Talib]]) about whom he has said, "every one of them is knowledgeable, pious, worshiping, brave, generous, pure with pure origin."<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ḥayāt al-sīyāsīyya li-l-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 137.</ref> | ||
== Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | == Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | ||
According to consults of some Shi'a scholars, some Shi'as make [[Tawassul]] to Imam al-Jawad (a) for increase in their daily sustenance and solution of their material problems and call him [[Bab al-Hawa'ij]] [Gate of Requests]. An example of such consults is quoted by [[the Second Majlisi]] from [[Abu l-Wafa' Shirazi]] who claimed that the [[Prophet (s)]] advised him in his dream to make Tawassul to Imam al-Jawad (a) in material issues. | According to consults of some Shi'a scholars, some Shi'as make [[Tawassul]] to Imam al-Jawad (a) for increase in their daily sustenance and solution of their material problems and call him [[Bab al-Hawa'ij]] [Gate of Requests]. An example of such consults is quoted by [[the Second Majlisi]] from [[Abu l-Wafa' Shirazi]] who claimed that the [[Prophet (s)]] advised him in his dream to make Tawassul to Imam al-Jawad (a) in material issues.<ref>Rāwandī, ''Daʿwāt al-Rāwandī'', p. 191; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 91; 35.</ref> | ||
[[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] narrated from Abu l-Wafa', | {{Enote|[[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] narrated from Abu l-Wafa', | ||
"I was once arrested by son of Ilyas, governor of [[Kerman]] and was imprisoned for a while. After a while, I recognized that they are plotting for killing me. I was worried and did not know what to do to free from such a plot. One night I made entreaty to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] while I was praying before God and I asked God for freedom. Instantly I fall asleep and I dreamed [[the Prophet (s)]] who said, 'Do not make entreaty to me, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)|my daughter]], [[al-Hasan]], [[al-Husayn]] or others; but for the increase of daily sustenance and solving problems make entreaty to my son al-Jawad (a), through whom God will answer your request.'" | "I was once arrested by son of Ilyas, governor of [[Kerman]] and was imprisoned for a while. After a while, I recognized that they are plotting for killing me. I was worried and did not know what to do to free from such a plot. One night I made entreaty to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] while I was praying before God and I asked God for freedom. Instantly I fall asleep and I dreamed [[the Prophet (s)]] who said, 'Do not make entreaty to me, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)|my daughter]], [[al-Hasan]], [[al-Husayn]] or others; but for the increase of daily sustenance and solving problems make entreaty to my son al-Jawad (a), through whom God will answer your request. Rāwandī, ''Daʿwāt al-Rāwandī'', p. 191; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 91; 35.'"}} | ||
{{see also|Tawassul}} | {{see also|Tawassul}} | ||