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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
→Hadiths and Debates
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== Hadiths and Debates == | == Hadiths and Debates == | ||
About 250 [[hadith]]s are transmitted from Imam al-Jawad (a).<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 249.</ref> These hadiths are about topics in [[ | About 250 [[hadith]]s are transmitted from Imam al-Jawad (a).<ref>ʿAṭārudī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 249.</ref> These hadiths are about topics in [[jurisprudence]], [[exegesis of Quran]], [[supplication]], and [[theology]]. The low number of hadiths transmitted from Imam al-Jawad (a) in comparison to hadiths of other Imams (a) is because of the surveillance over Imam al-Jawad (a) and also his young age at the time of martyrdom.{{cn}} | ||
Imam al-Jawad (a) had several debates with fiqh scholars of the court of 'Abbasids. Historical reports suggest that some of these debates were made following the requests of the courtiers of al-Ma'mun and [[al-Mu'tasim]] who wanted to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and the result astonished those who were present in those sessions. | Imam al-Jawad (a) had several debates with fiqh scholars of the court of 'Abbasids. Historical reports suggest that some of these debates were made following the requests of the courtiers of al-Ma'mun and [[al-Mu'tasim]] who wanted to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and the result astonished those who were present in those sessions.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', p. 443.</ref> Nine debates are reported, four of which were with [[Yahya b. Aktham]] and one of them was with [[Ahmad b. Abi Dawud]], the judge of all judges of [[Baghdad]]. Also, some of his conversations with [['Abd Allah b. Musa]], [[Abu Hashim al-Ja'fari]], [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] and al-Mu'tasim are reported. The topics of these conversation were issues in jurisprudence, about [[hajj]], [[divorce]], punishment for robbery and also theological issues such as the attributes of the [[companions of Imam al-Mahdi (a)]], merits of the two Caliphs and also the [[attributes of God]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', p. 441-449; Aḥmadī Mīyānajī, ''Makātīb al-aʾimma'', vol. 5, p. 381, 427.</ref> | ||
=== Debate in the Meeting of al-Ma'mun === | === Debate in the Meeting of al-Ma'mun === | ||
Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of al-Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was al-Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to al-Ma'mun. To justify his decision, al-Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of al-Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was al-Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to al-Ma'mun. To justify his decision, al-Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | ||
In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[ | In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[jurisprudence]]. It is said that upon seeing this, al-Ma'mun said, "Praise to God that what I had thought happened."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 444; Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> | ||
=== Debate about the Two Caliphs === | === Debate about the Two Caliphs === | ||
According to Shi'a [[hadith]] sources, in a session where al-Ma'mun and many [[jurists]] and courtiers were present, Imam al-Jawad (a) had a debate with Yahya b. Aktham about the merits of caliphs ([[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]]). Yahya turned to Imam (a) and said, [[Gabriel]] conveyed the message of God to the Prophet (s): "Ask Abu Bakr if he is pleased with me? I am pleased with him." Imam (a) answered, I do not reject merits of Abu bakr but anyone who has narrated this hadith needs to pay attention to other hadiths of the Prophet (s) and that he (s) said, "when you receive a hadith from me, present it to the [[Book of God]] and my [[sunna]]; if it is in agreement with them, accept it and if it is not, do not accept it because liars and forgers of hadiths will increase." Then, Imam (a) continued that this hadith is not in agreement with the Qur'an because the Qur'an says, 'We are nearer to him than his jugular vein.' | According to Shi'a [[hadith]] sources, in a session where al-Ma'mun and many [[jurists]] and courtiers were present, Imam al-Jawad (a) had a debate with Yahya b. Aktham about the merits of caliphs ([[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]]). Yahya turned to Imam (a) and said, [[Gabriel]] conveyed the message of God to the Prophet (s): "Ask Abu Bakr if he is pleased with me? I am pleased with him." Imam (a) answered, I do not reject merits of Abu bakr but anyone who has narrated this hadith needs to pay attention to other hadiths of the Prophet (s) and that he (s) said, "when you receive a hadith from me, present it to the [[Book of God]] and my [[sunna]]; if it is in agreement with them, accept it and if it is not, do not accept it because liars and forgers of hadiths will increase." Then, Imam (a) continued that this hadith is not in agreement with the Qur'an because the Qur'an says, 'We are nearer to him than his jugular vein.'<ref>''Quran 50:16''.</ref> Then, was not God aware of Abu bakr's satisfaction that had to ask him?"<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 446-447. </ref> | ||
Then, Yahya asked about this hadith which said, "Abu bakr and 'Umar on the earth are like [[Gabriel]] and [[Michael]] in the skies." Imam (a) answered, "this hadith is not true because Gabriel and Michael have always served God and have not committed a sin while Abu bakr and 'Umar have long been polytheist before they become Muslims."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', p. vol. 2, p. 447. </ref> | Then, Yahya asked about this hadith which said, "Abu bakr and 'Umar on the earth are like [[Gabriel]] and [[Michael]] in the skies." Imam (a) answered, "this hadith is not true because Gabriel and Michael have always served God and have not committed a sin while Abu bakr and 'Umar have long been [[polytheist]] before they become Muslims."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', p. vol. 2, p. 447. </ref> | ||
=== Cutting the Hand of a Thief === | === Cutting the Hand of a Thief === | ||
When Imam (a) was living in Baghdad, events happened which promoted the position of Imam (a) among people such as his ruling about thieves. Once there was a disagreement over the question that from where the hand of a thief has to be cut; some said that it needs to be cut from wrist and some said that it needs to be cut from elbow. Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph asked Imam al-Jawad (a) to give his opinion in this regard. After caliph insisted, Imam (a) said, "Only the four fingers of a thief have to be cut and the rest of his hand needs to remain. He referred to the following verse of the Qur'an as his reason, "The places of sajda belong to Allah, so do not invoke anyone along with Allah." | When Imam (a) was living in Baghdad, events happened which promoted the position of Imam (a) among people such as his ruling about thieves. Once there was a disagreement over the question that from where the hand of a thief has to be cut; some said that it needs to be cut from wrist and some said that it needs to be cut from elbow. Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph asked Imam al-Jawad (a) to give his opinion in this regard. After caliph insisted, Imam (a) said, "Only the four fingers of a thief have to be cut and the rest of his hand needs to remain. He referred to the following verse of the Qur'an as his reason, "The places of sajda belong to Allah, so do not invoke anyone along with Allah." <ref>''Quran 72:18''</ref> Al-Mu'tasim liked Imam's (a) answer and ordered to follow his ruling.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Kitāb al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 319-320; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 5-6.</ref> | ||
== Companions == | == Companions == | ||