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Day of Ashura (events): Difference between revisions
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In that night, Imam al-Husayn (a) was not ignorant about effective military measures. It is reported that in the middle of the eve of 'Ashura', Imam al-Husayn (a) went out of tents alone to check the hills and pits in order to provide necessary means before the next day battle.<ref>al-Musawi Muqarram, 'Abd al-Razzaq. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. p, 219</ref> | In that night, Imam al-Husayn (a) was not ignorant about effective military measures. It is reported that in the middle of the eve of 'Ashura', Imam al-Husayn (a) went out of tents alone to check the hills and pits in order to provide necessary means before the next day battle.<ref>al-Musawi Muqarram, 'Abd al-Razzaq. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. p, 219</ref> | ||
In that night, by the order of Imam (a), his companions dug a big hole like a moat and filled it with brushwood and firewood. The Imam (a) ordered them to set fire to the wood as soon as the enemy attacked them so that they prevent the enemy to approach the tents while the Imam (a) and his companions were engaged in the battle. This measure was very helpful for Imam's (a) companions on the day of 'Ashura.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 422; | In that night, by the order of Imam (a), his companions dug a big hole like a moat and filled it with brushwood and firewood. The Imam (a) ordered them to set fire to the wood as soon as the enemy attacked them so that they prevent the enemy to approach the tents while the Imam (a) and his companions were engaged in the battle. This measure was very helpful for Imam's (a) companions on the day of 'Ashura.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 422; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 256; al-Kharazmi, al-muwaffaq b. Ahmad. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. vol, 1. p, 248</ref> | ||
He (a) also ordered his companions to bring the tents closer to each other and pass the ropes of the tents inside each other so that when they fight they only have to face the enemy from the front and tents would be behind and on their sides.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 421; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 94</ref> | He (a) also ordered his companions to bring the tents closer to each other and pass the ropes of the tents inside each other so that when they fight they only have to face the enemy from the front and tents would be behind and on their sides.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 421; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 94</ref> | ||
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== Morning of 'Ashura == | == Morning of 'Ashura == | ||
[[File:Sahneye karbala2.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The old painting shows the battle field where the fight between [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the Army of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] happened.]] | [[File:Sahneye karbala2.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The old painting shows the battle field where the fight between [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the Army of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] happened.]] | ||
In the morning of 'Ashura', Imam al-Husayn (a) performed [[Fajr prayer]] together with his companions. Then, the Imam (a) arranged the lines of his forces which consisted of 32 horsemen and 40 foot soldiers. He (a) assigned [[Zuhayr b. Qayn]] as the commander of the right wing and [[Habib b. Muzahir]] as the commander of the left wing and gave the standard of his army to his brother [['Abbas (a)]].<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 422-423; | In the morning of 'Ashura', Imam al-Husayn (a) performed [[Fajr prayer]] together with his companions. Then, the Imam (a) arranged the lines of his forces which consisted of 32 horsemen and 40 foot soldiers. He (a) assigned [[Zuhayr b. Qayn]] as the commander of the right wing and [[Habib b. Muzahir]] as the commander of the left wing and gave the standard of his army to his brother [['Abbas (a)]].<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 422-423; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 256; Ibn A'tham Kufi. ''al-Futuh''. vol, 5. p, 101</ref> | ||
By the order of Imam (a), forces stood in front of the tents<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 96</ref> and set fire to the firewood and brushwood gathered in the moat to prevent the enemy from behind.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395-396; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 423-426; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 96</ref> | By the order of Imam (a), forces stood in front of the tents<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 96</ref> and set fire to the firewood and brushwood gathered in the moat to prevent the enemy from behind.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 395-396; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 423-426; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 96</ref> | ||
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=== Martyrdom of Imam's (a) Relatives === | === Martyrdom of Imam's (a) Relatives === | ||
[[File:بزرگترین پرده درویشی(گوشه ای از حماسه کربلا).jpg|thumbnail|A "Parda-i Darwishi". The painting shows some views of the Event of 'Ashura']] | [[File:بزرگترین پرده درویشی(گوشه ای از حماسه کربلا).jpg|thumbnail|A "Parda-i Darwishi". The painting shows some views of the Event of 'Ashura']] | ||
After the martyrdom of the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a), youths of his family came forth for the battle. The first one of [[Banu Hashim]] who asked him (a) for permission and was martyred was [['Ali al-Akbar (a)]].<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 361-362; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446; | After the martyrdom of the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a), youths of his family came forth for the battle. The first one of [[Banu Hashim]] who asked him (a) for permission and was martyred was [['Ali al-Akbar (a)]].<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 361-362; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 256; Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa. ''al-Luhuf ‘ala qatli al-Tufuf''. p, 49</ref> After 'Ali al-Akbar (a) asked Imam (a) for permission, he went to the battlefield. In a prayer for him, Imam (a) considered him the most alike to the [[Prophet (s)]] than anyone.<ref>Abu al-Faraj Isfahani, 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin''. p, 115-116</ref> | ||
After the martyrdom of 'Ali Akbar (a), others from Banu Hashim including the sons of [['Aqil b. Abi Talib]], [['Abd Allah b. Muslim b. 'Aqil]], sons of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]], [['Adi b. 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far al-Tayyar]] and also sons of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]: [[Qasim b. al-Hasan (a)]] and his brother [[Abu Bakr b. al-Hasan|Abu Bakr]] and the brothers of [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)]]: 'Abd Allah, 'Uthman, Ja'far and others went to the battlefield one by one and were all martyred.<ref>Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin''. p, 89-95; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446-449; | After the martyrdom of 'Ali Akbar (a), others from Banu Hashim including the sons of [['Aqil b. Abi Talib]], [['Abd Allah b. Muslim b. 'Aqil]], sons of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]], [['Adi b. 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far al-Tayyar]] and also sons of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]: [[Qasim b. al-Hasan (a)]] and his brother [[Abu Bakr b. al-Hasan|Abu Bakr]] and the brothers of [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)]]: 'Abd Allah, 'Uthman, Ja'far and others went to the battlefield one by one and were all martyred.<ref>Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, 'Ali b. Husayn. ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin''. p, 89-95; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446-449; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 256-257; Muhammad b. Sa'd. ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. vol, 6. p, 440-442</ref> | ||
However, 'Abbas b. 'Ali (a), the standard bearer of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the guard of the tents who also had the responsibility of bringing water was upon him, went to bring water and was martyred in the fight with the guards of the [[Euphrates]]. It is reported that the last companion of Imam (a) who was martyred was [[Suwayd b. 'Amr al-Khath'ami]].<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446-449, 453; Ibn Shahrashub, Muhammad b. 'Ali. ''Manaqib al Abi talib''. vol, 4. p, 108</ref> | However, 'Abbas b. 'Ali (a), the standard bearer of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the guard of the tents who also had the responsibility of bringing water was upon him, went to bring water and was martyred in the fight with the guards of the [[Euphrates]]. It is reported that the last companion of Imam (a) who was martyred was [[Suwayd b. 'Amr al-Khath'ami]].<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 446-449, 453; Ibn Shahrashub, Muhammad b. 'Ali. ''Manaqib al Abi talib''. vol, 4. p, 108</ref> | ||
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==== Battles of Imam (a) in the Afternoon of 'Ashura ==== | ==== Battles of Imam (a) in the Afternoon of 'Ashura ==== | ||
Although [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] was left alone after [[martyrdom]] of his companions and relatives, but for a while, no one from the army of [[Kufa]] came forth to fight him (a). Once, Imam (a) approached the water, they shot arrows toward his mouth and they have reported that when he (a) moved his horse towards the river, they blocked his way.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 407; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 449-450; | Although [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] was left alone after [[martyrdom]] of his companions and relatives, but for a while, no one from the army of [[Kufa]] came forth to fight him (a). Once, Imam (a) approached the water, they shot arrows toward his mouth and they have reported that when he (a) moved his horse towards the river, they blocked his way.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 407; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 449-450; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 258</ref> In spite of his loneliness and having deep wounds on his head and body, Imam (a) fought fearlessly.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 452; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 111; Ibn Miskawayh. ''Tajarib al-umam''. vol, 2. p, 80</ref> | ||
It is narrated from [[Humayd b. Muslim]] that, "I did not see any defeated person whose sons, relatives and companions been killed but despite that, he stands so firm, brave and daring. Foot soldiers rushed at him from every direction and he (a) too rushed at them, so they escaped from his right and left sides in the same manner a herd of sheep escape in front of a wolf."<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 452; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 111; Ibn Miskawayh. ''Tajarib al-umam''. vol, 2. p, 80</ref> | It is narrated from [[Humayd b. Muslim]] that, "I did not see any defeated person whose sons, relatives and companions been killed but despite that, he stands so firm, brave and daring. Foot soldiers rushed at him from every direction and he (a) too rushed at them, so they escaped from his right and left sides in the same manner a herd of sheep escape in front of a wolf."<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 452; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 111; Ibn Miskawayh. ''Tajarib al-umam''. vol, 2. p, 80</ref> | ||
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It is narrated that the first blow of the sword fell at Imam al-Husayn's (a) head by a man from the tribe of Kinda.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 408; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 448</ref> According to some sources, wounds and fatigue from battle had seriously weaken Imam (a). Thus, he (a) rested a while, but suddenly a stone hit his forehead and blood ran down. When he (a) wanted to clean the blood of his face with his shirt, a triple-pointed poisonous arrow was shot at him and hit his heart.<ref>al-Kharazmi, al-muwaffaq b. Ahmad. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. vol, 2. p, 34; Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa. ''al-Luhuf ‘ala qatli al-Tufuf''. p, 120</ref> | It is narrated that the first blow of the sword fell at Imam al-Husayn's (a) head by a man from the tribe of Kinda.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 408; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 448</ref> According to some sources, wounds and fatigue from battle had seriously weaken Imam (a). Thus, he (a) rested a while, but suddenly a stone hit his forehead and blood ran down. When he (a) wanted to clean the blood of his face with his shirt, a triple-pointed poisonous arrow was shot at him and hit his heart.<ref>al-Kharazmi, al-muwaffaq b. Ahmad. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. vol, 2. p, 34; Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa. ''al-Luhuf ‘ala qatli al-Tufuf''. p, 120</ref> | ||
According to some sources, a man called [[Malik b. Nusayr]] landed such a blow at Imam's (a) head that the rope of Imam's (a) helmet was torn up.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 203; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 448; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 110</ref>Another person called [[Zar'a b. Sharik al-Tamimi]] stroke a heavy blow at Imam's (a) left shoulder and [[Sinan b. Anas]] shot an arrow at Imam's (a) throat. Then, [[Salih b. Wahab al-Ju'fi]] (or according to another narration, Sinan b. Anas) came forth and stroke Imam's (a) side with spear so hard that Imam (a) fell from the horse on his right cheek.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 391-392; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 416-418; | According to some sources, a man called [[Malik b. Nusayr]] landed such a blow at Imam's (a) head that the rope of Imam's (a) helmet was torn up.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 203; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 448; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 110</ref>Another person called [[Zar'a b. Sharik al-Tamimi]] stroke a heavy blow at Imam's (a) left shoulder and [[Sinan b. Anas]] shot an arrow at Imam's (a) throat. Then, [[Salih b. Wahab al-Ju'fi]] (or according to another narration, Sinan b. Anas) came forth and stroke Imam's (a) side with spear so hard that Imam (a) fell from the horse on his right cheek.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. vol, 3. p, 391-392; al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''. vol, 5. p, 416-418; Dinawari, Ahmad. ''al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. p, 258; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 112</ref> | ||
When the army of Kufa had sieged Imam (a) and he (a) was passing the last moments of his life, a small kid from the tents called [['Abd Allah b. Hasan]] saw Imam (a) at that state and left the tents and even though [[Lady Zaynab (a)]] tried to stop him, he rushed to Imam (a). When Bahr (or Abjar) b. Ka'b (or according to another narration, [[Harmala b. Kahil al-Asadi]]) attacked Imam (a) with sword, the kid guarded Imam (a) with his hand and the sword cut off his hand.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 110; Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa. ''al-Luhuf 'ala qatli al-Tufuf''. p, 122-123</ref> | When the army of Kufa had sieged Imam (a) and he (a) was passing the last moments of his life, a small kid from the tents called [['Abd Allah b. Hasan]] saw Imam (a) at that state and left the tents and even though [[Lady Zaynab (a)]] tried to stop him, he rushed to Imam (a). When Bahr (or Abjar) b. Ka'b (or according to another narration, [[Harmala b. Kahil al-Asadi]]) attacked Imam (a) with sword, the kid guarded Imam (a) with his hand and the sword cut off his hand.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. ''al-Irshad''. vol, 2. p, 110; Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa. ''al-Luhuf 'ala qatli al-Tufuf''. p, 122-123</ref> | ||
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* Da'irat al-ma'arif tashayyu'. | * Da'irat al-ma'arif tashayyu'. | ||
* Dihkhuda. ''Lughat nami''. Tehran: 1377Sh. | * Dihkhuda. ''Lughat nami''. Tehran: 1377Sh. | ||
* | * Dinawari, Ahmad. ''Al-Akhbar al-tuwal''. Qom: Manshurat raqi, 1368Sh. | ||
* Ibn A'tham Kufi. ''Al-Futuh''. e.d. 'ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1991. | * Ibn A'tham Kufi. ''Al-Futuh''. e.d. 'ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1991. | ||
* Ibn Miskawayh. ''Tajarib al-umam''. Tehran: Surush, 1379Sh. | * Ibn Miskawayh. ''Tajarib al-umam''. Tehran: Surush, 1379Sh. | ||