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Day of Ashura (events): Difference between revisions
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| good article =October 19, 2015 | | good article =October 19, 2015 | ||
| featured article =October 19, 2015 | | featured article =October 19, 2015 | ||
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By | By order of Imam (a), forces stood in front of the tents<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> and set fire to the firewood and brushwood gathered in the moat to prevent the enemy from behind.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423-426; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 395-396; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> | ||
At the other side of the battlefield, [[Umar b. Sa'd]] did his prayer and assigned the commanders of his army who were (according to the famous report) 30000 people.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'', p. 177; Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''al-Malhūf'', p. 70.</ref> He assigned [['Amr b. al-Hajjaj al-Zubaydi]] as the commander of the right-wing, [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], the commander of the left-wing, [['Uzrat b. Qays al-Ahmasi]], the commander of the horsemen and [[Shabath b. Rib'i]] as the commander of the foot soldiers.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423-426; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 395-396.</ref> | At the other side of the battlefield, [[Umar b. Sa'd]] did his prayer and assigned the commanders of his army who were (according to the famous report) 30000 people.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'', p. 177; Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''al-Malhūf'', p. 70.</ref> He assigned [['Amr b. al-Hajjaj al-Zubaydi]] as the commander of the right-wing, [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], the commander of the left-wing, [['Uzrat b. Qays al-Ahmasi]], the commander of the horsemen and [[Shabath b. Rib'i]] as the commander of the foot soldiers.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423-426; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 395-396.</ref> | ||
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'Umar b. Sa'd also assigned [[Abd Allah b. Zuhayr al-Asadi]] as the commander of the people of [[Kufa]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Sabra]], as the commander of the tribes of [[Madhhij]] and [[Banu Asad]]. He also assigned [[Qays b. Ash'ath b. Qays]] as the commander of the tribes of Rabi'a and Kinda and assigned [[Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi]] as the commander of the tribes of Banu Tamim and Hamdan and gave the standard of his army to his slave [[Zuwayd]] (Durayd) and prepared them to fight against Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 422; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmīl fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 60; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 95-95.</ref> | 'Umar b. Sa'd also assigned [[Abd Allah b. Zuhayr al-Asadi]] as the commander of the people of [[Kufa]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Sabra]], as the commander of the tribes of [[Madhhij]] and [[Banu Asad]]. He also assigned [[Qays b. Ash'ath b. Qays]] as the commander of the tribes of Rabi'a and Kinda and assigned [[Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi]] as the commander of the tribes of Banu Tamim and Hamdan and gave the standard of his army to his slave [[Zuwayd]] (Durayd) and prepared them to fight against Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 422; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmīl fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 60; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 95-95.</ref> | ||
It has been reported that when the Imam (a) saw the multitude of enemy's army, he (a) raised his hands and said, "O God! You are my trust in every hardship and my hope in every difficulty. How much sadness exhausting the patience of the heart and there is no way to remove it. How much sadness in which our friends abandon us and the enemy gloats over that sadness of ours and due to my love towards You and not others I have brought You this petition and You have put the solution in that and have made it easy for me. So, You are the Lord of every blessing and belong to You all the good and You are the end of every goal."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> | It has been reported that when the Imam (a) saw the multitude of enemy's army, he (a) raised his hands and said, "O God! You are my trust in every hardship and my hope in every difficulty. How much sadness exhausting the patience of the heart, and there is no way to remove it. How much sadness in which our friends abandon us and the enemy gloats over that sadness of ours and due to my love towards You and not others I have brought You this petition and You have put the solution in that and have made it easy for me. So, You are the Lord of every blessing and belong to You all the good and You are the end of every goal."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> | ||
From that morning or a bit later, some companions were watching between the tents for approaching the enemy and some soldiers of the army of [[Kufa]] were killed there.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 438; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 394.</ref> | From that morning or a bit later, some companions were watching between the tents for approaching the enemy and some soldiers of the army of [[Kufa]] were killed there.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 438; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 394.</ref> | ||
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=== Imam's (a) Disapproval of Initiating the War === | === Imam's (a) Disapproval of Initiating the War === | ||
The army of 'Umar was preparing for the battle and Imam al-Husayn (a) ordered to set fire to the woods in the moat. Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan attacked the tents with a group of horsemen from behind but when they saw the moat and its fire, he swore at Imam (a). | The army of 'Umar was preparing for the battle and Imam al-Husayn (a) ordered to set fire to the woods in the moat. Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan attacked the tents with a group of horsemen from behind, but when they saw the moat and its fire, he swore at Imam (a). | ||
Although [[Muslim b. 'Awsaja]] was close to him and showed readiness for shooting at Shimr, but Imam (a) said, "I do not want to be the beginner of the war."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423-426; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> | Although [[Muslim b. 'Awsaja]] was close to him and showed readiness for shooting at Shimr, but Imam (a) said, "I do not want to be the beginner of the war."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 423-426; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> | ||
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Foot soldiers under command of Shimr surrounded Imam (a), but they still did not come forth and inevitably Shimr encouraged them.<ref>Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 407-408.</ref> Shimr ordered the archers to shoot arrows at him and so arrows rained at him from everywhere and Imam's (a) body became full of arrows.<ref> Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 111-112; Khwarizmī, ''Maqtal al-Ḥusayn'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref> So, Imam (a) retreated and they lined in front of him.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 111-112.</ref> | Foot soldiers under command of Shimr surrounded Imam (a), but they still did not come forth and inevitably Shimr encouraged them.<ref>Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 407-408.</ref> Shimr ordered the archers to shoot arrows at him and so arrows rained at him from everywhere and Imam's (a) body became full of arrows.<ref> Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 111-112; Khwarizmī, ''Maqtal al-Ḥusayn'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref> So, Imam (a) retreated and they lined in front of him.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 111-112.</ref> | ||
According to some sources, wounds and fatigue from battle had seriously | According to some sources, wounds and fatigue from battle had seriously weakened Imam (a). Thus, he (a) rested a while, but suddenly a stone hit his forehead and blood ran down. When he (a) wanted to clean the blood off his face with his shirt, a triple-pointed poisonous arrow shot him and hit his heart.<ref>Khwarizmī, ''Maqtal al-Ḥusayn'', vol. 2, p. 34; Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''al-Malhūf'', p. 120.</ref> | ||
According to some sources, a man called [[Malik b. Nusayr]] landed such a blow at Imam's (a) head that the rope of Imam's (a) helmet was torn up.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 448; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmīl fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 75; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 110.</ref> Another person called [[Zar'a b. Sharik al-Tamimi]] stroke a heavy blow at Imam's (a) left shoulder and [[Sinan b. Anas]] shot an arrow at Imam's (a) throat. Then, [[Salih b. Wahb al-Ju'fi]] (or according to another narration, Sinan b. Anas) came forth and stroke Imam's (a) side with a spear so hard that Imam (a) fell from the horse on his right cheek.<ref>Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 407-409; Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 258; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 112.</ref> | According to some sources, a man called [[Malik b. Nusayr]] landed such a blow at Imam's (a) head that the rope of Imam's (a) helmet was torn up.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 448; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmīl fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 75; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 110.</ref> Another person called [[Zar'a b. Sharik al-Tamimi]] stroke a heavy blow at Imam's (a) left shoulder and [[Sinan b. Anas]] shot an arrow at Imam's (a) throat. Then, [[Salih b. Wahb al-Ju'fi]] (or according to another narration, Sinan b. Anas) came forth and stroke Imam's (a) side with a spear so hard that Imam (a) fell from the horse on his right cheek.<ref>Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 407-409; Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 258; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 112.</ref> | ||
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=== Sending the Heads of the Martyrs to Kufa === | === Sending the Heads of the Martyrs to Kufa === | ||
On the same day, Umar b. Sa'd sent the head of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad by [[Khawli b. Yazid al-Asbahi]] and [[Humayd b. Muslim al-Azdi]]. He also ordered his soldiers to behead all the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the youths of [[Banu Hashim]] which were seventy two and sent them to Kufa by Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan and 'Amr b. Hajjaj.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 455; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 411; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 259.</ref> | On the same day, Umar b. Sa'd sent the head of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad by [[Khawli b. Yazid al-Asbahi]] and [[Humayd b. Muslim al-Azdi]]. He also ordered his soldiers to behead all the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the youths of [[Banu Hashim]] which were seventy-two and sent them to Kufa by Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan and 'Amr b. Hajjaj.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 455; Balādhurī, ''ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 411; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 259.</ref> | ||
== Events after the War == | == Events after the War == | ||