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Abd al-Muttalib: Difference between revisions
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[[File:حجون.jpg|290px|thumb|right|An old picture of [[Al-Ma'lat Cemetery|Al-Ma'at Cemetery]] before it was demolished by [[Wahhabis]] in [[1343]]/1925.]] | [[File:حجون.jpg|290px|thumb|right|An old picture of [[Al-Ma'lat Cemetery|Al-Ma'at Cemetery]] before it was demolished by [[Wahhabis]] in [[1343]]/1925.]] | ||
'''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. | '''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf''', (Arabic: {{iarabic|عبدالمطلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف}} ) (b. 175 before Hijra/500 - d. 45 before Hijra/579) is the paternal grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and the chief of the [[Quraysh]] tribe. He was also one of the nobles of Mecca. Born in Yasrib, he migrated to [[Mecca]] when he was seven and became a nobility. The astonishing event of [['Am al-Fil|the Companions of the Elephant]] (the offensive of Abraha) occurred during his rule in Mecca. | ||
==Descent== | ==Descent== | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib is from the Quraysh tribe and is the offspring of [[Hashim]], thus related to the [[Banu Hashim]]. He descends from Prophet Ibrahim (a). His mother, Salam daughter of 'Amr, is from the Banu Najjar Khazraj clan. This family became the companions of the Prophet (s) after he migrated to [[Medina]]. All Shi’a Imams (a) and all Talibi’s (Banu 'Ali, Banu Ja’far, Banu 'Aqil) descend from [[Abu_Talib|Abu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]. [[Banu 'Abbas]], including their 37 [[Abbasid caliphs]] ([[132]]/656 - [[750]]/1258) descend from 'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. The 17 Abbasid caliphs of Egypt ([[659]]/1261 - 923/1518) descend from the 35th Abbasid caliph in Iraq, [[al-Zahir Billah]] ([[622]]/1225 - 623/1226). | 'Abd al-Muttalib is from the Quraysh tribe and is the offspring of [[Hashim]], thus related to the [[Banu Hashim]]. He descends from Prophet Ibrahim (a). His mother, Salam daughter of 'Amr, is from the Banu Najjar Khazraj clan. This family became the companions of the Holy Prophet (s) after he migrated to [[Medina]]. All Shi’a Imams (a) and all Talibi’s (Banu 'Ali, Banu Ja’far, Banu 'Aqil) descend from [[Abu_Talib|Abu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]. [[Banu 'Abbas]], including their 37 [[Abbasid caliphs]] ([[132]]/656 - [[750]]/1258) descend from 'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. The 17 Abbasid caliphs of Egypt ([[659]]/1261 - 923/1518) descend from the 35th Abbasid caliph in Iraq, [[al-Zahir Billah]] ([[622]]/1225 - 623/1226). | ||
{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
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==Personality of 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ==Personality of 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
Ya’qubi says: | Ya’qubi says: | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib was an unparalleled noble of Quraysh in those days, for God had granted him magnanimity He had granted no one else before, and quenched his thirst from the Zamzam well (in Mecca) and Dhu l-Harm (in Ta'if). Quraysh appointed him as referee for [issues relating to] their wealth. He fed the people in times of famine and hunger, so much that he had even fed the birds of the mountains. In this regard Abu Talib says: | 'Abd al-Muttalib was an unparalleled noble of Quraysh in those days, for God had granted him magnanimity He had granted no one else before, and quenched his thirst from the Zamzam well (in Mecca) and Dhu l-Harm (in Ta'if). Quraysh appointed him as referee for [issues relating to] their wealth. He fed the people in times of famine and hunger, so much that he had even fed the birds of the mountains. In this regard [[Abu Talib]] says: | ||
:::When the hands of gamblers start to tremble (i.e. when the generous start to become stingy) we shall give people so much food that even the birds will eat from what is left. | |||
'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols, and believed in the oneness of God. He was loyal to his pledges and started various traditions, some of which have been mentioned in the Qur’an. | 'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols, and believed in the oneness of God. He was loyal to his pledges and started various traditions, some of which have been mentioned in the Qur’an. | ||
Ya’qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the Prophet (s), “God will resurrect my grandfather, 'Abd al-Muttalib, with the looks of the Prophets and the awe of the kings.” | Ya’qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the Holy Prophet (s), “God will resurrect my grandfather, 'Abd al-Muttalib, with the looks of the Prophets and the awe of the kings.” | ||
==The Companions of the Elephant== | ==The Companions of the Elephant== | ||
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==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ||
{{Main|Zamzam}} | |||
According to historical documents of Mecca, prior to Qusai b. Kilab’s conquest, who was 'Abd al-Muttalib’s grandfather, the Jurhum tribe ruled over Mecca. The oppressiveness of their tribesmen evoked a rise against them by other tribes. In the end, the Khuza’a tribe defeated them. 'Umar b. Harith, the final Jurhum ruler went inside the Ka'ba and hid all the jewelry and valuable presents that had been gifted to the Ka'ba, in the [[Zamzam Well]] and filled the well with soil to hide it. | According to historical documents of Mecca, prior to Qusai b. Kilab’s conquest, who was 'Abd al-Muttalib’s grandfather, the Jurhum tribe ruled over Mecca. The oppressiveness of their tribesmen evoked a rise against them by other tribes. In the end, the Khuza’a tribe defeated them. 'Umar b. Harith, the final Jurhum ruler went inside the Ka'ba and hid all the jewelry and valuable presents that had been gifted to the Ka'ba, in the [[Zamzam Well]] and filled the well with soil to hide it. | ||
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==Faith== | ==Faith== | ||
According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of Hanif and was not an idol worshiper. Mas’udi, 9th-10th century (third century AH) historian, talks of disputes about the religion 'Abd al-Muttalib professed and explains that one belief is that neither he nor any of the Prophet's (s) ancestors were idol worshipers. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] narrates from [[Imam Sadiq (a)]] that the | According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of Hanif and was not an idol worshiper. Mas’udi, 9th-10th century (third century AH) historian, talks of disputes about the religion 'Abd al-Muttalib professed and explains that one belief is that neither he nor any of the Holy Prophet's (s) ancestors were idol worshipers. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] narrates from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that the Holy Prophet (s) said to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], "'Abd al-Muttalib never gambled and never worshiped idols and... and he always said, "I adhere to the religion of my father, Ibrahim."" | ||
==Traditions Established by 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ==Traditions Established by 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam Sadiq (a) that the | In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that the Holy Prophet (s) said to Imam 'Ali (a), "'Abd al-Muttalib established five traditions during the [[Jahiliyya|Jahiliyya Era]] (or The Age of Ignorance) that God [also] obligated in Islam: He disallowed sons from marrying their father's wives and God has said in the Qur'an: | ||
{{ | {{ | ||
centered pull quote|Do not marry any of the women whom your fathers had married, excluding what is already past.That is indeed an indecency, an outrage and an evil course. | centered pull quote|Do not marry any of the women whom your fathers had married, excluding what is already past.That is indeed an indecency, an outrage and an evil course. | ||
|author=Qur'an | |author=Qur'an | ||
|source= | |source=4:22 | ||
}} | }} | ||
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centered pull quote|Know that whatever thing you may come by, a fifth of it is for Allah | centered pull quote|Know that whatever thing you may come by, a fifth of it is for Allah | ||
|author=Qur'an | |author=Qur'an | ||
|source= | |source=8:41 | ||
}} | }} | ||
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centered pull quote|Do you regard the providing of water to hajj pilgrims and the maintenance of the Holy Mosque as similar [in worth] to someone who has faith in Allah and [believes in] the Last Day | centered pull quote|Do you regard the providing of water to hajj pilgrims and the maintenance of the Holy Mosque as similar [in worth] to someone who has faith in Allah and [believes in] the Last Day | ||
|author=Qur'an | |author=Qur'an | ||
|source= | |source=9:19 | ||
}} | }} | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib set the blood money for killing a man at one hundred camels, and God also applied this in Islam. The Quraysh did not know how many times they must circumambulate the Ka'ba, 'Abd al-Muttalib set this to seven and God applied these seven circumambulations to Islam as well. | 'Abd al-Muttalib set the blood money for killing a man at one hundred camels, and God also applied this in Islam. The Quraysh did not know how many times they must circumambulate the Ka'ba, 'Abd al-Muttalib set this to seven and God applied these seven circumambulations to Islam as well. | ||
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Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | ||
Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized marriage with maharim, refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of adultery and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying Hajj expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy. | Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized marriage with maharim, refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of adultery and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying [[Hajj]] expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy. | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
It is mostly believed that the | It is mostly believed that the Holy Prophet (s) was eight years old when 'Abd al-Muttalib passed away at the age of eighty two, or one hundred and eight, or one hundred and forty. | ||
It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | ||
Umm Ayman has been quoted saying that the Prophet (s) followed the corpse of 'Abd al-Muttalib in his funeral and cried, until they buried him next to his grandfather, Qusai b. Kilab, in al-Hajun neighborhood. | [[Umm Ayman]] has been quoted saying that the Prophet (s) followed the corpse of 'Abd al-Muttalib in his funeral and cried, until they buried him next to his grandfather, Qusai b. Kilab, in al-Hajun neighborhood. | ||
==Children == | ==Children == | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib had ten sons: Harith, 'Abd Allah, Zubayr, [[Abu Talib]], [[Hamza_b._'Abd_al-Muttalib|Hamza]], Muqawwim ( | 'Abd al-Muttalib had ten sons: Harith, 'Abd Allah, Zubayr, [[Abu Talib]], [[Hamza_b._'Abd_al-Muttalib|Hamza]], Muqawwim (Miqwam), 'Abbas, Dirar (Darar), Quthum, Abu Lahab (who was also called 'Abd al-'Uzza), Ghaydaq. | ||
He had six daughters: 'Atika, [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]], Umama, Barra, Arwa, and Umm Hakim who was Bayda'. | He had six daughters: 'Atika, [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]], Umama, Barra, Arwa, and Umm Hakim who was Bayda'. | ||