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Abd al-Muttalib: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = <!--default is the page name--> | | name = <!--default is the page name--> | ||
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| Epithet = Saqi l-Hajij | | Epithet = Saqi l-Hajij | ||
| Well Known As = The grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] | | Well Known As = The grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] | ||
| Religious Affiliation = Monotheist | | Religious Affiliation = [[Monotheism|Monotheist]] | ||
| Lineage = [[Quraysh]] | | Lineage = [[Quraysh]] | ||
| Wellknown Relatives = [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]], [[Abu Talib]], [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas]], [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] | | Wellknown Relatives = [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]], [[Abu Talib]], [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas]], [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] | ||
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| Cause of Death/Martyrdom = | | Cause of Death/Martyrdom = | ||
| Burial Place = Al-Ma'at Cemetery | | Burial Place = Al-Ma'at Cemetery | ||
| Era = Jahiliyya | | Era = [[Jahiliyya]] | ||
| Known for = | | Known for = | ||
| Professors = | | Professors = | ||
| Students = | | Students = | ||
| Notable roles = | | Notable roles = Head of Quraysh, one of the elites of Mecca | ||
| Works = | | Works = | ||
| Activities = | | Activities = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf''', (Arabic: {{ | '''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf''', (Arabic: {{ia|عبدالمطّلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف}} ) (b. 127 before Hijra/500 - d. 45 before Hijra/579) is the paternal grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and the chief of the [[Quraysh]] tribe. He was also one of the nobles of [[Mecca]]. Born in [[Yathrib]], he migrated to Mecca when he was seven and became a nobility. The astonishing event of the [[Army of the elephant]] (the attack of Abraha) occurred during his rule in Mecca. | ||
==Descent== | ==Descent== | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib is from the Quraysh tribe and is the offspring of [[Hashim]], thus related to the [[Banu Hashim]]. He descends from Prophet Ibrahim (a). His mother, Salam daughter of 'Amr, is from the Banu Najjar Khazraj clan. This family became the companions of the | 'Abd al-Muttalib is from the Quraysh tribe and is the offspring of [[Hashim]], thus related to the [[Banu Hashim]]. He descends from Prophet [[Ibrahim (a)]]. His mother, Salam daughter of 'Amr, is from the Banu Najjar Khazraj clan. This family became the [[companions]] of the Prophet (s) after he migrated to [[Medina]]. All Shi'a Imams (a) and all Talibi's (Banu 'Ali, Banu Ja'far, Banu 'Aqil) descend from [[Abu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]. [[Banu 'Abbas]], including their 37 [[Abbasid caliphs]] ([[132]]/656 - [[750]]/1258) descend from 'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. The 17 Abbasid caliphs of Egypt ([[659]]/1261 - 923/1518) descend from the 35th Abbasid caliph in Iraq, [[al-Zahir Billah]] ([[622]]/1225 - 623/1226). | ||
{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
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==Personality of 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ==Personality of 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
Al-Ya'qubi says: | [[Al-Ya'qubi]] says: | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib was an unparalleled noble of Quraysh in those days, for God had granted him magnanimity He had granted no one else before, and quenched his thirst from the Zamzam well (in Mecca) and Dhu l-Harm (in [[Ta'if]]). Quraysh appointed him as referee for [issues relating to] their wealth. He fed the people in times of famine and hunger, so much that he had even fed the birds of the mountains. In this regard [[Abu Talib]] says: | 'Abd al-Muttalib was an unparalleled noble of Quraysh in those days, for God had granted him magnanimity He had granted no one else before, and quenched his thirst from the Zamzam well (in Mecca) and Dhu l-Harm (in [[Ta'if]]). Quraysh appointed him as referee for [issues relating to] their wealth. He fed the people in times of famine and hunger, so much that he had even fed the birds of the mountains. In this regard [[Abu Talib]] says: | ||
:::When the hands of gamblers start to tremble (i.e. when the generous start to become stingy) we shall give people so much food that even the birds will eat from what is left. | :::When the hands of gamblers start to tremble (i.e. when the generous start to become stingy) we shall give people so much food that even the birds will eat from what is left. | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols, and believed in the oneness of God. He was loyal to his pledges and started various traditions, some of which have been mentioned in the Qur'an. | 'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols, and believed in the [[oneness of God]]. He was loyal to his pledges and started various traditions, some of which have been mentioned in the Qur'an. | ||
Al-Ya'qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the [[ | Al-Ya'qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the [[Prophet (s)]], "God will resurrect my grandfather, 'Abd al-Muttalib, with the looks of the prophets and the awe of the kings." | ||
== | ==Army of the Elephant== | ||
{{main| | {{main|Army of the Elephant}} | ||
[[File:Companions-of-the-elephant.jpg|285px|thumbnail|[[ | [[File:Companions-of-the-elephant.jpg|285px|thumbnail|[[Army of the Elephant]]: A scene from ''Muhammad (s): The Messenger of God'' directed by Majid Majidi]] | ||
According to religious and regional narrations, Abraha's offensive against Mecca, famously known as the [[ | According to religious and regional narrations, Abraha's offensive against Mecca, famously known as the [[Army of the Elephant]], was contemporary to 'Abd al-Muttalib. Abraha marched from Yemen to Mecca with an army of elephants to destroy the [[Ka'ba]]. Abraha's army pillaged the camels of Quraysh, for which a meeting between 'Abd al-Muttalib and Abraha was organized, where 'Abd al-Muttalib only requested his camels be freed. Abraha said, "I thought you have come to negotiate about the Ka'ba." 'Abd al-Muttalib replied, "I am the master of the camels, and that house (Ka'ba) has a master for itself." He went back to Mecca and told the people to go to the mountains and take their belongings with them. Only a couple of Abraha's men survived and fled the following day, when a giant flock of birds attacked his army. | ||
==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ||
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According to reports 'Abd al-Muttalib faced disagreement and obstruction by the Quraysh when he decided to excavate the well. He made a pledge that if God gives him ten sons he would sacrifice one of them next to the Ka'ba. God Almighty blessed him with ten sons. He randomly selected one of his sons, and [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]]'s name came out, but he sacrificed a hundred camels instead. | According to reports 'Abd al-Muttalib faced disagreement and obstruction by the Quraysh when he decided to excavate the well. He made a pledge that if God gives him ten sons he would sacrifice one of them next to the Ka'ba. God Almighty blessed him with ten sons. He randomly selected one of his sons, and [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]]'s name came out, but he sacrificed a hundred camels instead. | ||
[['Ali Dawani]] believes this story is not true and was composed by the [[Umayyad]]s, arguing based on the weak chain of narrators that includes unknown or weak persons, and the fact that child sacrificing was a pagan tradition while 'Abd al-Muttalib was a monotheist. He believes that the Umayyads fabricated this story in order to decrease Imam 'Ali's (a) position through damaging his ancestral nobility. | [['Ali Dawani]] believes this story is not true and was composed by the [[Umayyad]]s, arguing based on the weak chain of narrators that includes unknown or weak persons, and the fact that child sacrificing was a pagan tradition while 'Abd al-Muttalib was a [[monotheism|monotheist]]. He believes that the Umayyads fabricated this story in order to decrease Imam 'Ali's (a) position through damaging his ancestral nobility. | ||
==Faith== | ==Faith== | ||
According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of [[Hanif]] and was not an idol worshiper. Al-Mas'udi, 9th-10th century | According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of [[Hanif]] and was not an idol worshiper. [[Al-Mas'udi]], 3rd/9th-10th century historian, talks of disputes about the religion 'Abd al-Muttalib professed and explains that one belief is that neither he nor any of the Prophet's (s) ancestors were idol worshipers. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] narrates from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that the Prophet (s) said to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], "'Abd al-Muttalib never gambled and never worshiped idols and... and he always said, 'I adhere to the religion of my father, Ibrahim.'" | ||
==Traditions Established by 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ==Traditions Established by 'Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that the [ | In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that the [Prophet (s)]] said to Imam 'Ali (a), "'Abd al-Muttalib established five traditions during the [[Age of Ignorance]] that God [also] obligated in Islam: He disallowed sons from marrying their father's wives and God has said in the Qur'an: | ||
{{ | {{ | ||
centered pull quote|Do not marry any of the women whom your fathers had married, excluding what is already past.That is indeed an indecency, an outrage and an evil course. | centered pull quote|Do not marry any of the women whom your fathers had married, excluding what is already past.That is indeed an indecency, an outrage and an evil course. | ||
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'Abd al-Muttalib set the blood money for killing a man at one hundred camels, and God also applied this in Islam. The [[Quraysh]] did not know how many times they must circumambulate the Ka'ba (do tawaf), 'Abd al-Muttalib set this to seven and God applied these seven circumambulations to Islam as well. | 'Abd al-Muttalib set the blood money for killing a man at one hundred camels, and God also applied this in Islam. The [[Quraysh]] did not know how many times they must circumambulate the Ka'ba (do tawaf), 'Abd al-Muttalib set this to seven and God applied these seven circumambulations to Islam as well. | ||
Al-Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | Al-Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet (s) acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | ||
Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized [[marriage]] with maharim, refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of adultery and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying [[Hajj]] expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy. | Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized [[marriage]] with [[mahram|maharim]], refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of [[adultery]] and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying [[Hajj]] expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy. | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
It is mostly believed that the | It is mostly believed that the Prophet (s) was eight years old when 'Abd al-Muttalib passed away at the age of eighty two, or one hundred and eight, or one hundred and forty. | ||
It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* The material for writing this article was mainly taken from [ | * The material for writing this article was mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:عبدالمطلب|عبدالمطلب]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
{{the Prophet (s)}} | {{the Prophet (s)}} | ||
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[[fr:Abd al-Muttalib]] | [[fr:Abd al-Muttalib]] | ||
[[id:Abdul Muththalib]] | [[id:Abdul Muththalib]] | ||
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[[Category:Prophet Muhammad (s)]] | [[Category:Prophet Muhammad (s)]] | ||
[[Category:Buried in al-Malat cemetery]] | [[Category:Buried in al-Malat cemetery]] | ||
[[Category:Ancestors of the Prophet (s)]] | [[Category:Ancestors of the Prophet (s)]] | ||