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Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan: Difference between revisions
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'''Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|شمر بن ذي الجوشن}}), a chief of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] and one of the [[Tabi'un]], is one of the most detested figures for the Shi'a because of his role in the [[Tragedy of Karbala]]. In the beginning, Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] but later became an arch-enemy of the Imam (a) and his family. | '''Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|شمر بن ذي الجوشن}}), a chief of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] and one of the [[Tabi'un]], is one of the most detested figures for the Shi'a because of his role in the [[Tragedy of Karbala]]. In the beginning, Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] but later became an arch-enemy of the Imam (a) and his family. | ||
He had a significant role in the tragedy of Karbala, including paving the ground for the martyrdom of [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]], starting the battle on the [[day of 'Ashura]], leading the left wing of the army of [['Umar b. Sa'd]], murdering Imam al-Husayn (a), attacking the tents of the Imam's family, and trying to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], and this is why Shimr is cursed in [[Ziyarah 'Ashura]]. | He had a significant role in the tragedy of Karbala, including paving the ground for the martyrdom of [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]], starting the battle on the [[day of 'Ashura]], leading the left-wing of the army of [['Umar b. Sa'd]], murdering Imam al-Husayn (a), attacking the tents of the Imam's family, and trying to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], and this is why Shimr is cursed in [[Ziyarah 'Ashura]]. | ||
He was defeated by [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]], and his head was cut off. | He was defeated by [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]], and his head was cut off. | ||
==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
Abu Sabigha Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan was one of the [[Tabi'un]] and chiefs of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] from the clan of Banu 'Amir b. Sa'sa'a and the family of Dibab b. Kilab.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿAqd al-farīd'', vol. 3, p. 318-320.</ref> This is why in some sources he is called 'Amiri, Dibabi,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 186.</ref> or Kilabi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 482.</ref> | Abu Sabigha Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan was one of the [[Tabi'un]] and chiefs of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] from the clan of Banu 'Amir b. Sa'sa'a and the family of Dibab b. Kilab.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿAqd al-farīd'', vol. 3, p. 318-320.</ref> This is why in some sources he is called 'Amiri, Dibabi,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 186.</ref> or Kilabi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 482.</ref> | ||
Shimr's birth date is not known. | Shimr's birth date is not known. | ||
His father's name was Shurahbil b. A'war b. 'Amr.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 6, p. 46.</ref> Different explanations have been given as to why he was called Dhu l-Jawshan (the owner of the armor) including that he was the first Arab man who put on armor, | His father's name was Shurahbil b. A'war b. 'Amr.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 6, p. 46.</ref> Different explanations have been given as to why he was called Dhu l-Jawshan (the owner of the armor), including that he was the first Arab man who put on armor, which was given to him by the king of Iran. | ||
At first, Dhu l-Jawshan did not accept the Prophet's (s) call to Islam, but after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], when [[polytheists]] surrendered themselves to Muslims, he converted to Islam.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 6, p. 47-48; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 187-188.</ref> | At first, Dhu l-Jawshan did not accept the Prophet's (s) call to Islam, but after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], when [[polytheists]] surrendered themselves to Muslims, he converted to Islam.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 6, p. 47-48; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 187-188.</ref> | ||
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==Religious Shift== | ==Religious Shift== | ||
Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and helped him in the [[Battle of Siffin]].<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 267-268; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 28.</ref> But later he turned away from the Imam (a) and became a staunch enemy for him and his family. | Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and helped him in the [[Battle of Siffin]].<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 267-268; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 28.</ref> But later, he turned away from the Imam (a) and became a staunch enemy for him and his family. | ||
When [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], one of the companions of the [[Prophet (s)]] and Imam 'Ali (a), was arrested, Shimr was one of the people who falsely testified that Hujr had become an apostate and a rebel.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 269-270.</ref> In the [[Tragedy of Karbala]], also, he was one of the people who played a major role in murdering the Imam (a). | When [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], one of the companions of the [[Prophet (s)]] and Imam 'Ali (a), was arrested, Shimr was one of the people who falsely testified that Hujr had become an apostate and a rebel.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 269-270.</ref> In the [[Tragedy of Karbala]], also, he was one of the people who played a major role in murdering the Imam (a). | ||
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==Role in the Tragedy of Karbala== | ==Role in the Tragedy of Karbala== | ||
When [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]] went to [[Kufa]] in [[60]]/680 as a representative of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], Shimr got a commission from [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] not to let the people gather around | When [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]] went to [[Kufa]] in [[60]]/680 as a representative of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], Shimr got a commission from [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] not to let the people gather around Muslim b. 'Aqil. Fulfilling this task, Shimr gave a speech in which he called Muslim b. 'Aqil a rebel and warned the Kufans of the army of the central government in Syria.<ref>Abī Mikhnaf, ''Waqʿat al-Ṭaff'', p. 123-124.</ref> | ||
When Imam al-Husayn (a) arrived in Karbala, [['Umar b. Sa'd]], the commander of the Kufan army, wanted to find a peaceful solution for the conflict,<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 87-88.</ref> But Shimr encouraged [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], who seemed to be inclined to 'Umar b. Sa'd's intention, to go for violent measures.<ref>Abī Mikhnaf, ''Waqʿat al-Ṭaff'', p. 187-188; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 482.</ref> | When Imam al-Husayn (a) arrived in Karbala, [['Umar b. Sa'd]], the commander of the Kufan army, wanted to find a peaceful solution for the conflict,<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 87-88.</ref> But Shimr encouraged [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], who seemed to be inclined to 'Umar b. Sa'd's intention, to go for violent measures.<ref>Abī Mikhnaf, ''Waqʿat al-Ṭaff'', p. 187-188; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 482.</ref> | ||
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===On the Day of 'Ashura=== | ===On the Day of 'Ashura=== | ||
In the morning of the day of 'Ashura', Shimr became the commander of the left wing of 'Umar b. Sa'd's army.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 487.</ref> When approaching the tents of Imam al-Husayn (a), he was faced with a ditch and burning firewood around the tents. This made him say rude words to the Imam (a).<ref>Abī Mikhnaf, ''Waqʿat al-Ṭaff'', p. 205; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 487; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> He also cut the Imam's speech for the Kufan army on the excellences of his family and the commands of the Prophet (s) to love his [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. | In the morning of the day of 'Ashura', Shimr became the commander of the left-wing of 'Umar b. Sa'd's army.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 487.</ref> When approaching the tents of Imam al-Husayn (a), he was faced with a ditch and burning firewood around the tents. This made him say rude words to the Imam (a).<ref>Abī Mikhnaf, ''Waqʿat al-Ṭaff'', p. 205; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 487; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> He also cut the Imam's speech for the Kufan army on the excellences of his family and the commands of the Prophet (s) to love his [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. | ||
When [[Zuhayr b. Qayn]] started his speech to advise the people of Kufa and invited them to support Imam al-Husayn (a), Shimr threw an arrow | When [[Zuhayr b. Qayn]] started his speech to advise the people of Kufa and invited them to support Imam al-Husayn (a), Shimr threw an arrow at him and insulted him.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 488-489; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 426.</ref> | ||
When [['Abd Allah b. 'Umayr al-Kalbi]] was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave to kill 'Abd Allah's wife who was sitting next to | When [['Abd Allah b. 'Umayr al-Kalbi]] was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave to kill 'Abd Allah's wife who was sitting next to her husband's body.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 493.</ref> | ||
When most of the Imam al-Husayn's companions were killed and he was in the middle of the battle, Kufans attacked the tents. Shimr put his spear in the tent of the Imam (a) and called for fire to burn the tent. | When most of the Imam al-Husayn's companions were killed and he was in the middle of the battle, Kufans attacked the tents. Shimr put his spear in the tent of the Imam (a) and called for fire to burn the tent. | ||
===Murdering Imam al-Husayn (a)=== | ===Murdering Imam al-Husayn (a)=== | ||
Shimr commanded his soldiers to shoot the Imam's body with their arrows | Shimr commanded his soldiers to shoot the Imam's body with their arrows and then attack him.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 111-112.</ref> There are different reports on who murdered the Imam (a) and cut off his holy head. According to al-Waqidi, Shimr did so and then stepped on the Imam's body with his horse.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 500; Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 119.</ref> According to some reports, he sat on the Imam's (a) chest and cut his holy head from behind.<ref>Khwārizmī, ''Maqtal al-Ḥusayn'', vol. 2, p. 41-42; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 112; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 500-501; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 453.</ref> | ||
After murdering Imam al-Husayn (a) and attacking and burning his tents, Shimr intended to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] as well, but he was stopped from doing so.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 212; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 112-113; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 454.</ref> | After murdering Imam al-Husayn (a) and attacking and burning his tents, Shimr intended to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] as well, but he was stopped from doing so.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 212; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 112-113; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 454.</ref> | ||
===After 'Ashura=== | ===After 'Ashura=== | ||
On [[Muharram 11]], [[61]]/680, 'Umar b. Sa'd commanded his soldiers to cut off the heads of the | On [[Muharram 11]], [[61]]/680, 'Umar b. Sa'd commanded his soldiers to cut off the heads of the seventy-two martyrs of Karbala and take them, under the supervision of Shimr and some other commanders, to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in Kufa.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 503; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 456.</ref> | ||
Ibn Ziyad, in turn, commissioned Shimr to take the heads and the captives to [[Yazid]] in Damascus.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 460.</ref> At the court of Yazid, Shimr gave an insulting speech about Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 260; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 459; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 118.</ref> | Ibn Ziyad, in turn, commissioned Shimr to take the heads and the captives to [[Yazid]] in Damascus.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 460.</ref> At the court of Yazid, Shimr gave an insulting speech about Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 260; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 459; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 118.</ref> | ||
After the return of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] to [[Medina]], Shimr went back to Kufa. It is said that in this period he would pray and ask God for forgiveness, but still he would justify his crime by calling it obedience to rulers.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p.189; Dhahabī, ''Mīzān al-iʿtidāl'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | After the return of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] to [[Medina]], Shimr went back to Kufa. It is said that in this period, he would pray and ask God for forgiveness, but still, he would justify his crime by calling it obedience to rulers.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 23, p.189; Dhahabī, ''Mīzān al-iʿtidāl'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | ||
==End of Life== | ==End of Life== | ||
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==Status in the Eyes of Sunnis== | ==Status in the Eyes of Sunnis== | ||
Shimr has narrated from his father, and Abu Ishaq al-Subay'i has narrated from Shimr. However, Sunni sources mention Shimr disparagingly, regarding him unqualified for narrating hadith because | Shimr has narrated from his father, and Abu Ishaq al-Subay'i has narrated from Shimr. However, Sunni sources mention Shimr disparagingly, regarding him as unqualified for narrating hadith because he participated in the murder of Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Dhahabī, ''Mīzān al-iʿtidāl'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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| good article = | | good article = | ||
| featured article = | | featured article = | ||
}}}}</onlyinclude> | }}}}</onlyinclude> | ||
[[Category:Murderers of the martyrs of Karbala]] | [[Category:Murderers of the martyrs of Karbala]] | ||