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Rawdat al-shuhada' (book): Difference between revisions
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'''''Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ''''' (Arabic: {{ia|رَوضَة الشُّهَداء}}) is a book in Farsi about the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the tragedies of the [[event of Karbala]] written by [[Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi]] (d. [[910]]/1504). The reason for naming mourning ceremonies for Imam al-Husayn (a) in Iran as "[[Rawda]]" has been reciting this book in such gatherings. ''Rawdat al-shuhada' ''was the reason for publication of other [[Maqtal]]s (reports of Imam's (a) martyrdom) at the times of [[Safavid]] and [[Qajar]] dynasties. In ''[[Hamasa-yi Husayni]]'', [[Murtada Mutahhari|Shahid Mutahhari]] seriously criticized some of the reports in this book. | '''''Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ''''' (Arabic: {{ia|رَوضَة الشُّهَداء}}) is a book in Farsi about the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the tragedies of the [[event of Karbala]] written by [[Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi]] (d. [[910]]/1504). The reason for naming mourning ceremonies for Imam al-Husayn (a) in Iran as "[[Rawda]]" has been reciting this book in such gatherings. ''Rawdat al-shuhada' ''was the reason for the publication of other [[Maqtal]]s (reports of Imam's (a) martyrdom) at the times of [[Safavid]] and [[Qajar]] dynasties. In ''[[Hamasa-yi Husayni]]'', [[Murtada Mutahhari|Shahid Mutahhari]] seriously criticized some of the reports in this book. | ||
==About the Author== | ==About the Author== | ||
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{{main|Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi}} | {{main|Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi}} | ||
Kamal al-Din Husayn b. Ali Wa'iz Kashifi Sabziwari (d. 910/1504) was a scholar of | Kamal al-Din Husayn b. Ali Wa'iz Kashifi Sabziwari (d. 910/1504) was a scholar of the ninthth/fifteenth and 10th/16th centuries from [[Sabzevar]]. Kashifi wrote the book toward the end of his life. Mulla Husayn was a religious lecturer and poet; that is why he had the title of "Wa'iz" and his pen name as "Kashifi". His sessions and lectures have been famous at that time and those contemporary with him have reported about his position among people and before the rulers of his time. One of the features of ''Rawdat al-shuhada'' which made it lasting is its fluency and flow of the content. There are different opinions about the religious affiliation of the author. | ||
He died in 910/1504 and his grave is now in Sabzevar on the way between the grave of Haj [[Mulla Hadi Sabziwari]] and the building of [[Musalla]] of the city. | He died in 910/1504 and his grave is now in Sabzevar on the way between the grave of Haj [[Mulla Hadi Sabziwari]] and the building of [[Musalla]] of the city. | ||
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==In Words of Aqa Buzurg Tihrani== | ==In Words of Aqa Buzurg Tihrani== | ||
About the book, [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] said, ''Rawdat al-shuhada'' is in brilliant Farsi and written by Mawla Wa'iz Husayn b. 'Ali Kashifi Bayhaqi. This book is arranged into 10 chapters and an ending. | About the book, [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] said, ''Rawdat al-shuhada'' is in brilliant Farsi and written by Mawla Wa'iz Husayn b. 'Ali Kashifi Bayhaqi. This book is arranged into 10 chapters and an ending. At the ending of the book, the author has written the lineage of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the biography of a group of their descendants. The ending of the book is in 34 pages with the title of "Ansab Sibtay al-Nabi (s)". | ||
Some have mentioned this possibility that this book has been the first [[Maqtal]] in Farsi which has spread among Farsi speakers to the extent that the reciter of this book was called "Rawza Khan"; however, it will be mentioned in the chapter regarding Maqtals that Farsi Maqtal existed before ''Rawdat al-shuhada'', from which Kashifi has quoted and that is the Farsi Maqtal written by [[Abu l-Mafakhir Razi]], from whom, ''Rawdat al-shuhada'' has quoted a poem. | Some have mentioned this possibility that this book has been the first [[Maqtal]] in Farsi which has spread among Farsi speakers to the extent that the reciter of this book was called "Rawza Khan"; however, it will be mentioned in the chapter regarding Maqtals that Farsi Maqtal existed before ''Rawdat al-shuhada'', from which Kashifi has quoted and that is the Farsi Maqtal written by [[Abu l-Mafakhir Razi]], from whom, ''Rawdat al-shuhada'' has quoted a poem. | ||
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== Content == | == Content == | ||
The | The book has 10 chapters and an ending which briefly discusses the lives of the [[12 Imams (a)]], but the main purpose of the author is discussing the tragedies of Imam al-Husayn (a), for which he begins with the trials of the [[prophets (a)]] and the cruelties of [[Quraysh]] towards the [[Prophet (s)]]. | ||
=== Chapters of the Book === | === Chapters of the Book === | ||
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* Eighth Chapter: On the martyrdom of [[Muslim b. 'Aqil b. Abi Talib]] and some of his children | * Eighth Chapter: On the martyrdom of [[Muslim b. 'Aqil b. Abi Talib]] and some of his children | ||
* Ninth Chapter: On arrival of Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[Karbala]] and his severe battle with the enemies | * Ninth Chapter: On arrival of Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[Karbala]] and his severe battle with the enemies | ||
* Tenth Chapter: On the events happened to the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] after the Battle of Karbala | * Tenth Chapter: On the events that happened to the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] after the Battle of Karbala | ||
* Ending: On the lineage of the [[Infallible Imams (a)]] | * Ending: On the lineage of the [[Infallible Imams (a)]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Although Kashifi has not clearly mentioned the references of ''Rawdat al-shuhada' '', | Although Kashifi has not clearly mentioned the references of ''Rawdat al-shuhada' '', reading through the book, it can be inferred that the books it has quoted from are: ''Futuh'' for Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, ''Rawdat al-ahbab'', ''Shawahid al-Nubuwwa'', ''[['Uyun akhbar al-Rida]]'', ''Kanz al-ghara'ib'', ''Masabih al-qulub'', ''Maqtal al-Shuhada''', ''Nur al-A'imma''. The author has also benefited from many unknown and unauthentic sources. He has not followed an accurate method to cite from these sources either. | ||
It seems that the author has been more inclined toward making stories and telling tales than remaining loyal to narrate from authentic sources. | It seems that the author has been more inclined toward making stories and telling tales than remaining loyal to narrate from authentic sources. | ||
== Importance and Features == | == Importance and Features == | ||
According to what is mentioned in the preface of the book, strong prose style accompanied with poems, historical account, verses and hadiths, abundance of theological, historical and jurisprudential information, benefiting from a variety of sources especially non-Shi'a ones, comprehensiveness and being the first common [[Maqtal]] are among the advantages of the book. | According to what is mentioned in the preface of the book, strong prose style accompanied with poems, historical account, verses and hadiths, an abundance of theological, historical, and jurisprudential information, benefiting from a variety of sources especially non-Shi'a ones, comprehensiveness and being the first common [[Maqtal]] are among the advantages of the book. | ||
Regarding its fluent and beautiful prose style, the book soon became popular at its time and even today it receives indirect attention in mourning ceremonies. It has been translated to different languages and converted to poetic style | Regarding its fluent and beautiful prose style, the book soon became popular at its time and even today it receives indirect attention in mourning ceremonies. It has been translated to different languages and converted to poetic style many times so far. | ||
== Critiques == | == Critiques == | ||
Regardless of its popularity, this book has been criticized and seriously objected by scholars and researchers of next generations due to the weaknesses of its content. From the viewpoint of the critics, the most important problem of ''Rawdat al-shuhada' ''is its [[Sufi]] tendency, wrong narrations and tale telling. Critics have pointed out that the book has only mentioned the hardships and does not narrate an epic and political account of the [[Battle of Karbala]] and does not look through its causes and nature either. | Regardless of its popularity, this book has been criticized and seriously objected to by scholars and researchers of the next generations due to the weaknesses of its content. From the viewpoint of the critics, the most important problem of ''Rawdat al-shuhada' ''is its [[Sufi]] tendency, wrong narrations and tale-telling. Critics have pointed out that the book has only mentioned the hardships and does not narrate an epic and political account of the [[Battle of Karbala]] and does not look through its causes and nature either. | ||
Scholars such as Mirza [['Abd Allah Afandi]] in his ''[[Riyad al-'ulama']]'', [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] in his ''[[Lu'lu' wa marjan]]'' and [[Murtada Mutahhari|Shahid Mutahhari]] in his ''[[Hamasa-yi Husayni]]'' have mentioned objections and criticisms about ''Rawdat al-shuhada''. | Scholars such as Mirza [['Abd Allah Afandi]] in his ''[[Riyad al-'ulama']]'', [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] in his ''[[Lu'lu' wa marjan]]'' and [[Murtada Mutahhari|Shahid Mutahhari]] in his ''[[Hamasa-yi Husayni]]'' have mentioned objections and criticisms about ''Rawdat al-shuhada''. | ||
== Printing == | == Printing == | ||
This book was first printed in [[Lahore]] in 1908, then in [[Mumbai]] in 1952 and later in [[Tehran]] in 1954. Later, this book was printed many more times. | This book was first printed in [[Lahore]] in 1908, then in [[Mumbai]] in 1952, and later in [[Tehran]] in 1954. Later, this book was printed many more times. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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| featured article = | | featured article = | ||
| | | quick review =done | ||
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