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Fiqh: Difference between revisions
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==Schools== | ==Schools== | ||
{{Main|Schools of Fiqh}} | {{Main|Schools of Fiqh}} | ||
A school or doctrine of jurisprudence is a collection of characteristics in the process of deduction of law depending upon the exclusive method of a jurist. The jurist brings about a transformation in the topics of Fiqh and [[Usul al-Fiqh]]. Characteristics of a school of jurisprudence can be refraining from [[Taqlid]] (emulating a jurist), gradual evolution of [[Ijtihad]], and the influence on other jurists. In Shi'a jurisprudence, several schools of jurisprudence have emerged from the beginning of Fiqh, and each one has had a significant role in the growth and fruition of the process of Ijtihad. At a glance, some important schools of jurisprudence are as follows. | A school or doctrine of jurisprudence is a collection of characteristics in the process of deduction of law depending upon the exclusive method of a jurist. The jurist brings about a transformation in the topics of Fiqh and [[Usul al-Fiqh]]. Characteristics of a school of jurisprudence can be refraining from [[Taqlid]] (emulating a jurist), gradual evolution of [[Ijtihad]], and the influence on other jurists.<ref>[http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20110209104344-درآمدي%20بر%20چگونگي%20تكوين%20مكاتب%20فقهي%20در%20شيعه.pdf An Introduction on the development of Shi'a schools of thoughts (Persian)]</ref> In Shi'a jurisprudence, several schools of jurisprudence have emerged from the beginning of Fiqh, and each one has had a significant role in the growth and fruition of the process of Ijtihad. At a glance, some important schools of jurisprudence are as follows. | ||
===School of Medina=== | ===School of Medina=== | ||
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[[File:13930125000318 PhotoL.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Mirza Habib Allah Rashti]]]] | [[File:13930125000318 PhotoL.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Mirza Habib Allah Rashti]]]] | ||
{{Main|School of Najaf}} | {{Main|School of Najaf}} | ||
The seminary of Najaf was established in the fifth century and remains active till present. During these eleven centuries it has been through many ups and downs and at times was subject to decline and stagnation. Some of the jurists of this school were [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]], [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]], [[al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]], [[Mirza Hasan Shirazi]], [[Mirza Habib Allah Rashti]], [[Mirza Muhammad Hasan Ashtiyani]], [[Muhammad Hasan Mamaqani]], [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]], [[Muhammad Husayn Na'ini]], [[Diya' al-Din al-'Iraqi]] and [[Muhammad Hasan Isfahani]]. In the last century, the Seminary of Najaf was kept alive by jurists like [[Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei]], [[al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Tabataba'i al-Hakim]], [[Sayyid Ahmad Khwansari]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]]. | The seminary of Najaf was established in the fifth century and remains active till present. During these eleven centuries it has been through many ups and downs and at times was subject to decline and stagnation. Some of the jurists of this school were [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]], [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]], [[al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]], [[Mirza Hasan Shirazi]], [[Mirza Habib Allah Rashti]], [[Mirza Muhammad Hasan Ashtiyani]], [[Muhammad Hasan Mamaqani]], [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]], [[Muhammad Husayn Na'ini]], [[Diya' al-Din al-'Iraqi]] and [[Muhammad Hasan Isfahani]]. In the last century, the Seminary of Najaf was kept alive by jurists like [[Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei]], [[al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Tabataba'i al-Hakim]], [[Sayyid Ahmad Khwansari]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]].<ref>Rabbānī, ''Fiqh wa fuqahā-yi imāmīyya dar guzar-i zamān'', p. 32-34.</ref> | ||
===School of Hillah=== | ===School of Hillah=== | ||
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After the attack of Afghans to [[Isfahan]] and the rise of chaos and unrest in the region, the jurists of the seminary moved to [[Karbala]]. With the entrance of [[al-Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani]] (d. [[1186]]/1772) in Karbala, its seminary took on a special light. He held a moderate approach towards [[Akhbarism]]. At around the same time, [[Wahid Bihbahani]] took on animated classes and gatherings in the city and nurtured remarkable students. | After the attack of Afghans to [[Isfahan]] and the rise of chaos and unrest in the region, the jurists of the seminary moved to [[Karbala]]. With the entrance of [[al-Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani]] (d. [[1186]]/1772) in Karbala, its seminary took on a special light. He held a moderate approach towards [[Akhbarism]]. At around the same time, [[Wahid Bihbahani]] took on animated classes and gatherings in the city and nurtured remarkable students. | ||
[[File:'Abd al-Karim al-Ha'iri - Portrait.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Shaykh 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]], the founder of [[Seminary of Qom]]]] | [[File:'Abd al-Karim al-Ha'iri - Portrait.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Shaykh 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]], the founder of [[Seminary of Qom]]]] | ||
[[Sayyid Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]] (d. [[1212]]/1797), [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]] (d. [[1231]]/1816), [[Sayyid Muhammad Mujahid]] (d. [[1242]]/1827), [[Mulla Ahmad Naraqi]] (d. [[1245]]/1829), [[Mulla Mahdi Naraqi]] (d. [[1209]]/1795) and [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]] (d. [[1232]]/1815 or 1816) were amongst the jurists of this seminary. | [[Sayyid Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]] (d. [[1212]]/1797), [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]] (d. [[1231]]/1816), [[Sayyid Muhammad Mujahid]] (d. [[1242]]/1827), [[Mulla Ahmad Naraqi]] (d. [[1245]]/1829), [[Mulla Mahdi Naraqi]] (d. [[1209]]/1795) and [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]] (d. [[1232]]/1815 or 1816) were amongst the jurists of this seminary.<ref>Rabbānī, ''Fiqh wa fuqahā-yi imāmīyya dar guzar-i zamān'', p. 31-32.</ref> | ||
Wahid Bihbahani's lessons had such characteristic qualities and methods that they could be considered a separate school of jurisprudence. Notable jurists arose from his seminary. The most distinct quality of his jurisprudential thought was the attention to the science of the chain of narration ([['Ilm al-Rijal]]) and the science of the Principles of Jurisprudence ([[Usul al-Fiqh]]) which had severely come under attack by the Akhbaris and was subjected to seclusion. | Wahid Bihbahani's lessons had such characteristic qualities and methods that they could be considered a separate school of jurisprudence. Notable jurists arose from his seminary. The most distinct quality of his jurisprudential thought was the attention to the science of the chain of narration ([['Ilm al-Rijal]]) and the science of the Principles of Jurisprudence ([[Usul al-Fiqh]]) which had severely come under attack by the Akhbaris and was subjected to seclusion. | ||
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===School of Qom (Contemporary Era)=== | ===School of Qom (Contemporary Era)=== | ||
{{Main|School of Qom}} | {{Main|School of Qom}} | ||
The city of [[Qom]] has been a centre of knowledge and learning from the 3rd/9th century, but with the entrance of [[Shaykh 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]] in this city, the [[Seminary of Qom]] gained lustre and introduced renowned and worthy jurists to the Shi'a world. Amongst these lustrous personalities, [[Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi]] (d. [[1281]]/1961), [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini]] (d. [[1410]]/1989), [[Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpaygani]], [[Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]] and [[Sayyid Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi]] can be noted. At present, this [[seminary]] boasts of a special splendour as numerous lessons and classes of jurisprudence and its principles take place in this city. | The city of [[Qom]] has been a centre of knowledge and learning from the 3rd/9th century, but with the entrance of [[Shaykh 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]] in this city, the [[Seminary of Qom]] gained lustre and introduced renowned and worthy jurists to the Shi'a world. Amongst these lustrous personalities, [[Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi]] (d. [[1281]]/1961), [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini]] (d. [[1410]]/1989), [[Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpaygani]], [[Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]] and [[Sayyid Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi]] can be noted. At present, this [[seminary]] boasts of a special splendour as numerous lessons and classes of jurisprudence and its principles take place in this city.<ref>Rabbānī, ''Fiqh wa fuqahā-yi imāmīyya dar guzar-i zamān'', p. 34.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||