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Fiqh: Difference between revisions
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| 3 || Period of the transmitters || From the beginning of the [[Major Occultation]] to the first half of the 5th/11th century || Compilation of the most important works of Shi'a traditions; compilation of the first books of jurisprudential edicts || [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]]; [[Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]; [[Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Qulawayh]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]''; ''[[Man la yahzuruh al-faqih]]'' | | 3 || Period of the transmitters || From the beginning of the [[Major Occultation]] to the first half of the 5th/11th century || Compilation of the most important works of Shi'a traditions; compilation of the first books of jurisprudential edicts || [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]]; [[Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]; [[Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Qulawayh]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]''; ''[[Man la yahzuruh al-faqih]]'' | ||
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| 4 || Period of the beginning of [[Ijtihad]] || Concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] up to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] ([[329]]/940 - [[436]]/1045) || Presentation of jurisprudential matters in a technical manner; writing of [[ | | 4 || Period of the beginning of [[Ijtihad]] || Concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] up to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] ([[329]]/940 - [[436]]/1045) || Presentation of jurisprudential matters in a technical manner; writing of [[principals of jurisprudence]]; explaining rulings of [[newly-risen problems]] || [[Ibn Abi 'Aqil]]; [[Ibn Junayd]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]; [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]'', ''[[al-Intisar]]'', ''[[al-Nasiriyyat]]'' | ||
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| 5 || Period of evolution and progress of [[Ijtihad]] || Lifetime of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || Completion of Shi'a [[Ijtihad]] and its independence from Sunni Ijtihad; writing of prominent jurisprudencial books; compilation of books on contemporary jurisprudence; acceptance of [[Consensus]] as a source of Ijtihad || [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || ''[[Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyyah]]''; ''[[al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatwa]]''; ''[[al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam]]'' | | 5 || Period of evolution and progress of [[Ijtihad]] || Lifetime of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || Completion of Shi'a [[Ijtihad]] and its independence from Sunni Ijtihad; writing of prominent jurisprudencial books; compilation of books on contemporary jurisprudence; acceptance of [[Consensus]] as a source of Ijtihad || [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || ''[[Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyyah]]''; ''[[al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatwa]]''; ''[[al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam]]'' | ||
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| 8 || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example | | 8 || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example | ||
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| 9 || Period of branching out of jurisprudence and the birth of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Muhammad Amin al-Istarabadi|Muhaddith Istarabadi]] to the era of [[Wahid Bihbahani]] (From the middle of 11th/17th to the beginning of 13th/19th century) || Weakening of [[ | | 9 || Period of branching out of jurisprudence and the birth of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Muhammad Amin al-Istarabadi|Muhaddith Istarabadi]] to the era of [[Wahid Bihbahani]] (From the middle of 11th/17th to the beginning of 13th/19th century) || Weakening of [[principals of jurisprudence]] because of the opposition of the [[Akhbaris]]; writing of Fiqhi books based on the [[tradition]] || [[Muhammad Amin Istarabadi]]; [[Mulla Salih Mazandarani]]; [[Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani]]; [[al-Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani]]; [[Al-Fadil al-Jawad]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Khwansari]] || ''[[Al-Hada'iq al-nadira]]''; ''[[al-Fawa'id al-madaniyya]]''; ''[[Kifayat al-ahkam]]'' | ||
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| 10 || Period of the defeat of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Wahid Bihbahani]] to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] (b. [[1214/1800]] - d. [[1281/1864]]) || Defeat of [[Akhbaris]] against the [[Usulis]]; discarding unreliable methods (like [[Qiyas]]) by Shi'a || [[Wahid Bihbahani]]; [[Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]; [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]]; [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]]; [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]]; [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] || ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Riyad al-masa'il]]''; ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Mustanad al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]''; ''[[Anwar al-fuqaha]]'' | | 10 || Period of the defeat of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Wahid Bihbahani]] to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] (b. [[1214/1800]] - d. [[1281/1864]]) || Defeat of [[Akhbaris]] against the [[Usulis]]; discarding unreliable methods (like [[Qiyas]]) by Shi'a || [[Wahid Bihbahani]]; [[Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]; [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]]; [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]]; [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]]; [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] || ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Riyad al-masa'il]]''; ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Mustanad al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]''; ''[[Anwar al-fuqaha]]'' | ||
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| 11 || Period of renewed [[Istinbat]] || From the end of 13th/19th century up to the middle of the 14th/20th century || Major development in [[ | | 11 || Period of renewed [[Istinbat]] || From the end of 13th/19th century up to the middle of the 14th/20th century || Major development in [[principals of jurisprudence]]; Research on [[newly risen problems]] || [[Al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]]; [[Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]]; [[Aqa Rida Hamadani]]; [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]]; [[Muhammad Husayn Na'ini]]; [[Muhammad Kazim al-Khurasani]]; [[Muhammad Husayn Gharawi Isfahani]]; [[Aqa Diya' 'Iraqi]] || ''[[Al-Makasib]]''; ''[[al-'Urwat al-wuthqa]]'', ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Misbah al-faqih]]'' | ||
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===Beginning of Ijtihad=== | ===Beginning of Ijtihad=== | ||
{{Main|Ijtihad}} | {{Main|Ijtihad}} | ||
This period also was concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] and was begun by two prominent jurists- [[Ibn abi 'Aqil al-'Umani]] and [[Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi]] and continued for half a century. Fiqh in this era, as opposed to the previous era, emerged in the shape of Ijtihad and vastly developed due to the science of [[ | This period also was concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] and was begun by two prominent jurists- [[Ibn abi 'Aqil al-'Umani]] and [[Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi]] and continued for half a century. Fiqh in this era, as opposed to the previous era, emerged in the shape of Ijtihad and vastly developed due to the science of [[principals of jurisprudence]]. For the first time, Shi'a scholars issued [[Fatwa]]s in their own words, instead of only narrating the texts of [[hadith]]s; and thus more secondary laws of jurisprudence were obtained. This technique and path reached its peak through [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and continued to tread upon by [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]].<ref>Gurjī, ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā'', p. 140-141.</ref> | ||
===Era of Prosperity of Ijtihad=== | ===Era of Prosperity of Ijtihad=== | ||
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===Age of Akhbarism=== | ===Age of Akhbarism=== | ||
[[File:Allama Majlisi.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]]] | [[File:Allama Majlisi.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]]] | ||
{{Main|Akhbarism}} | {{Main|Akhbarism}} | ||
In the 11th/17th century, some of Shi'a scholars, criticized the method of the Mujtahids, and suggested that the sources of Shi'a jurisprudence were only the [[Book]] and the [[tradition]]. According to idea, one must not adhere to rules of [[ | In the 11th/17th century, some of Shi'a scholars, criticized the method of the Mujtahids, and suggested that the sources of Shi'a jurisprudence were only the [[Book]] and the [[tradition]]. According to idea, one must not adhere to rules of [[principals of jurisprudence]] in the process of Ijtihad. One of the most important leaders of this group was [[Muhammad Amin Astarabadi]], the author of ''[[Al-Fawa'id al-madaniyya]]''. He criticized all the mujtahids of all the eras and considered all of them to be followers of the [[Sunni school]] of thought and authored this book for the very purpose of rejecting the mujtahids.<ref>Gurjī, ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā'', p. 227.</ref> | ||
The most famous faqihs of this era were as follows: | The most famous faqihs of this era were as follows: | ||