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Muhammad Taqi Bahjat: Difference between revisions
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'''Muḥammad Taqi Bahjat Fūmani''' (Arabic: محمد تقی بهجت فومنی) was a [[Shi'a|Shiite]] authority ([[marja']]) and a contemporary [[mysticism|mystic]]. He was born in [[1334]]/1916. He went to [[Karbala]] to study Islamic disciplines in 1929, and then in 1933 he went to [[Najaf]]. After a while he went back to [[Iran]] in 1943 and started teaching in the [[Islamic Seminary of Qom]]. [[Ayatollah]] Bahjat was a pupil of [[Sayyid Ali Qadi]] and was known among people and scholars for his [[piety]]. In 2009 he died in the Wali 'Asr (a) Hospital in Qom and was buried inside the [[Holy Shrine of Fatima al-Ma'suma (a)]]. | '''Muḥammad Taqi Bahjat Fūmani''' (Arabic: محمد تقی بهجت فومنی) was a [[Shi'a|Shiite]] authority ([[marja']]) and a contemporary [[mysticism|mystic]]. He was born in [[1334]]/1916. He went to [[Karbala]] to study Islamic disciplines in 1929, and then in 1933 he went to [[Najaf]]. After a while he went back to [[Iran]] in 1943 and started teaching in the [[Islamic Seminary of Qom]]. [[Ayatollah]] Bahjat was a pupil of [[Sayyid Ali Qadi]] and was known among people and scholars for his [[piety]]. In 2009 he died in the Wali 'Asr (a) Hospital in Qom and was buried inside the [[Holy Shrine of Fatima al-Ma'suma (a)]]. | ||
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===Immigration to Iraq=== | ===Immigration to Iraq=== | ||
[[File:جوانی آیت الله بهجت.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Ayatullah]] Bahjat when he was 29 year old, in Najaf, when he was going back to [[Iran]]]] | [[File:جوانی آیت الله بهجت.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Ayatullah]] Bahjat when he was 29 year old, in Najaf, when he was going back to [[Iran]]]] | ||
After his preliminary studies in Fuman, Ayatollah Bahjat emigrated from his birthplace in 1348 | After his preliminary studies in Fuman, Ayatollah Bahjat emigrated from his birthplace in [[1348]]/1929-30 and moved to [[|Shi'a Seminar|Islamic seminaries]] in [[Iraq]] in order to study Islamic disciplines. He first resided in [[Karbala]] for four years. | ||
In 1352 | In [[1352/1933-4 he migrated to [[Najaf]] to finish his intermediate studies of Islamic disciplines with prominent scholars there such as Ayatollah [[Shaykh Murtada Taliqani]]. After this, he started his advanced studies in [[fiqh]] (Islamic jurisprudence) and [[usul al-fiqh]] as well as [[ethic]]s and [[mysticism]] with prominent scholars and mystics in Najaf. | ||
===Return to Iran=== | ===Return to Iran=== | ||
After receiving permissions of [[ijtihad]] from his masters, Bahjat returned to Iran and stayed in Fuman for a few months in order to visit his family and relatives in 1363 | After receiving permissions of [[ijtihad]] from his masters, Bahjat returned to [[Iran]] and stayed in Fuman for a few months in order to visit his family and relatives in 1363/1943-4. During his sojourn in Gilan province, he travelled to different cities of the province to visit scholars. He then went to [[Qom]] in order to visit the [[Holy Shrine of Fatima al-Ma'suma (a)]] and learn about the [[Islamic seminary of Qom]]. He stayed in Qom for some months during which he heard about the death of his masters in Najaf one after one. Thus he decided to permanently stay in Qom where he became a [[marja']] (a Shiite authority) years later. | ||
==Scholarly life== | ==Scholarly life== | ||
===Teachers=== | ===Teachers=== | ||
Teachers at the seminary school of Najaf: | Teachers at the [[seminary school of Najaf]]: | ||
{{col-begin|3}} | {{col-begin|3}} | ||
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* [[Sayyid Husayn Badkuba'i]] | * [[Sayyid Husayn Badkuba'i]] | ||
Teachers at the Islamic seminary of | Teachers at the [[Islamic seminary of Qom]]: | ||
* [[Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat Kuhkamara'i Tabrizi]] | * [[Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat Kuhkamara'i Tabrizi]] | ||
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===Style of teaching=== | ===Style of teaching=== | ||
Ayatollah Bahjat's style of teaching was different from that of his contemporary scholars. According to | Ayatollah Bahjat's style of teaching was different from that of his contemporary scholars. According to [[Ali Akbar Mas'udi Khumayni]], unlike other scholars who mentioned other scholars and then defended or criticized them, Bahjat never mentioned other scholars; he just mentioned their views. Thus a pupil needed to already know the views in the literature so that he could understand the scholar to whose view Ayatollah Bahjat was referring. | ||
===Pupils=== | ===Pupils=== | ||
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* [[Azizullah Khushwaqt Badkuba'i]] | * [[Azizullah Khushwaqt Badkuba'i]] | ||
* Sadiq Ihsanbakhsh | * [[Sadiq Ihsanbakhsh]] | ||
* Muhammad Ali Fayd Gilani | * [[Muhammad Ali Fayd Gilani]] | ||
* Ali Akbar Mas'udi Khumayni | * [[Ali Akbar Mas'udi Khumayni]] | ||
* Mahmud Amjad Kermanshahi | * [[Mahmud Amjad Kermanshahi]] | ||
* Muhammad Hadi Fiqhi | * [[Muhammad Hadi Fiqhi]] | ||
* Mahdi Hadavi Tehrani | * [[Mahdi Hadavi Tehrani]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
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Ayatollah Bahjat wrote some works in [[fiqh]] and [[usul al-fiqh]] that have not yet been published. Some people suggested to Bahjat that they would fund for the publication of his works, but he replied: "there are still many manuscripts by early scholars that have not been published yet; you had rather fund for their publication. It is not too late for the publication of my works". | Ayatollah Bahjat wrote some works in [[fiqh]] and [[usul al-fiqh]] that have not yet been published. Some people suggested to Bahjat that they would fund for the publication of his works, but he replied: "there are still many manuscripts by early scholars that have not been published yet; you had rather fund for their publication. It is not too late for the publication of my works". | ||
Bahjat started writing when he was young; he helped [[Shaykh | Bahjat started writing when he was young; he helped [[Shaykh Abbas Qumi]] in the writing of ''[[Safinat al-bihar]]''. Much of the manuscript of this book is written by Ayatollah Bahjat. | ||
Some published works: | Some published works: | ||
* Risala tawdih al-masa'il (the essay on the clarification of the questions—the collection of his [[fatwa]]s in different parts of [[fiqh]]) | * ''[[Risala tawdih al-masa'il]]'' (the essay on the clarification of the questions—the collection of his [[fatwa]]s in different parts of [[fiqh]]) | ||
* An essay on [[hajj]] rituals | * An essay on [[hajj]] rituals | ||
* Commentaries and annotations on [[Wasilat al-najat]] by [[ | * Commentaries and annotations on ''[[Wasilat al-najat]]'' by Ayatollah [[Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani]] | ||
* ''Jami' al-masa'il'', annotations on [[Dhakhirat al-'ibad]] by [[ | * ''Jami' al-masa'il'', annotations on ''[[Dhakhirat al-'ibad]]'' by Ayatollah [[Gharawi Isfahani]] | ||
Unpublished works: | Unpublished works: | ||
* Annotations on the [[ | * Annotations on the [[salat]] (prayer) section of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'' | ||
* Annotations on [[Kifayat al-usul]] by [[Akhund Khurasani]] | * Annotations on ''[[Kifayat al-usul]]'' by [[Akhund Khurasani]] | ||
* Annotations on [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]]'s essay on hajj rituals | * Annotations on [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]]'s essay on hajj rituals | ||
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==Moral and mystical character== | ==Moral and mystical character== | ||
Since his teens, Muhammad Taqi Bahjat was attentive of mystical and moral issues. His conception of pure mysticism was in terms of submission to God. Some great scholars, such as [['Allama Tabataba'i]], [[Sayyid Rida Baha al-Dini]], Ayatollah [[Ali Quddusi]], [[Hasan Zada Amuli]], and [[' | Since his teens, Muhammad Taqi Bahjat was attentive of [[mysticism|mystical]] and moral issues. His conception of pure mysticism was in terms of submission to God. Some great scholars, such as [['Allama Tabataba'i]], [[Sayyid Rida Baha al-Dini]], Ayatollah [[Ali Quddusi]], [[Hasan Zada Amuli]], and [['Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli]], used to attend his [[congregational prayer]]s, especially at Thursday nights. He cried out of [[piety]] in his [[prayer]]s. | ||
Until his death, he lived in an old house near the Fatimiyya mosque in | Until his death, he lived in an old house near the Fatimiyya [[mosque]] in Guzar Khan in [[Qom]]. Every morning after his morning prayers and near the sunrise, Bahjat went to the [[Holy Shrine of Fatima al-Ma'suma (a)]] and worshiped in Shahid Mutahhari mosque in the shrine. | ||
Ayatollah Bahjat published his | Ayatollah Bahjat published his [[Risala]] very late. He had asked his friends to wait until other scholars published their [[fatwa]]s. After that, if there were still people who did not want to follow those scholars as [[Marja']] and just wanted to follow Bahjat, then he would publish his fatwas. | ||
==From the viewpoint of other scholars== | ==From the viewpoint of other scholars== | ||
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* [[Ayatollah Baha al-Dini]]: "At present the richest person in the world, spiritually speaking, is Mr. Bahjat". | * [[Ayatollah Baha al-Dini]]: "At present the richest person in the world, spiritually speaking, is Mr. Bahjat". | ||
* [['Allama Muhammad Taqi Ja'fari]] (after citing a [[hadith]] according to which meeting religious scholars is loved by God 70 times more than [[tawaf]] of the [[Ka'ba]]): "One exemplar of this is Ayatollah Bahjat. Merely visiting him is like hearing a preachment. Whenever I visit him, I am spiritually impressed for some days". | * [['Allama Muhammad Taqi Ja'fari]] (after citing a [[hadith]] according to which meeting religious scholars is loved by [[God]] 70 times more than [[tawaf]] of the [[Ka'ba]]): "One exemplar of this is Ayatollah Bahjat. Merely visiting him is like hearing a preachment. Whenever I visit him, I am spiritually impressed for some days". | ||
==Ethical instructions== | ==Ethical instructions== | ||