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Incident of Saqifa: Difference between revisions
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==The Saqifa in the View of Western Islamicists== | ==The Saqifa in the View of Western Islamicists== | ||
* '''Henri Lammens''': In 1910, the Belgian scholar Henri Lammens (1862-1937) published an article entitled ''Triumvirate of Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]]'', in which he argued that the close cooperation of these three men in the lifetime of the Prophet (s) and their plans for the succession resulted in the caliphate of Abu Bakr and 'Umar. Had Abu 'Ubayda not died during the caliphate of Umar, he would have certainly become the third caliph. Although Lammens does not speak of a conspiracy to attain the caliphate, his claim certainly implies this term. He claims that [[A'isha]] and [[Hafsa]] informed their father of all the hidden thoughts and decisions of their husband.<ref>Henri Lammens, ''Muthallath-i qudrat, Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, Abū ʿUbayda'', p. 126 | * '''Henri Lammens''': In 1910, the Belgian scholar Henri Lammens (1862-1937) published an article entitled ''Triumvirate of Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]]'', in which he argued that the close cooperation of these three men in the lifetime of the Prophet (s) and their plans for the succession resulted in the caliphate of Abu Bakr and 'Umar. Had Abu 'Ubayda not died during the caliphate of Umar, he would have certainly become the third caliph. Although Lammens does not speak of a conspiracy to attain the caliphate, his claim certainly implies this term. He claims that [[A'isha]] and [[Hafsa]] informed their father of all the hidden thoughts and decisions of their husband.<ref>Henri Lammens, ''Muthallath-i qudrat, Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, Abū ʿUbayda'', p. 126 quoting from Wilferd Madelung, ''Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad'', p. 15.</ref> | ||
* '''Leone Caetani''': The Italian orientalist Leone Caetani talks about a deep rift between Abu Bakr and [[Banu Hashim]], and considers Abu Bakr's claim to succession in the Event of the Saqifa surprising. He indirectly accepts the seriousness of Ali's claim to the succession. Later, Caetani affirmed Lammens' theory of the triumvirate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubayda'', .<ref>Wilferd Madelung. ''Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad'', p. 17-18.</ref> | * '''Leone Caetani''': The Italian orientalist Leone Caetani talks about a deep rift between Abu Bakr and [[Banu Hashim]], and considers Abu Bakr's claim to succession in the Event of the Saqifa surprising. He indirectly accepts the seriousness of Ali's claim to the succession. Later, Caetani affirmed Lammens' theory of the triumvirate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubayda'', .<ref>Wilferd Madelung. ''Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad'', p. 17-18.</ref> | ||
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* Bayḍūn, Ibrāhīm. ''Rafārshināsi Imām Alī (a)''. Translated by ʿAlī Aṣghar Muḥammadī Sījānī. Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1379 Sh. | * Bayḍūn, Ibrāhīm. ''Rafārshināsi Imām Alī (a)''. Translated by ʿAlī Aṣghar Muḥammadī Sījānī. Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1379 Sh. | ||
* Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | * Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | ||
* Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1995. | * Dāwudī and Rustam Nizhād. ''Āshūrā; rīshahā, angīzahā, rūydādhā, payāmadhā''. [n.p]. 1388 Sh. | ||
* Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1995. | |||
* Henri Lammens. ''Muthallath-i qudrat, Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, Abū ʿUbayda''. Quoting from Wilferd Madelung, ''Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad''. [n.p]. 1377 Sh. | |||
* Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''. Edited by Amīnī Muḥammad Hādī. Tehran: Maktabat Nineveh al-Ḥadītha, [n.d]. | * Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''. Edited by Amīnī Muḥammad Hādī. Tehran: Maktabat Nineveh al-Ḥadītha, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Qom: Maktabat Ayatullāh Marʿashī Najafī, [n.d]. | * Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Qom: Maktabat Ayatullāh Marʿashī Najafī, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.d]. | * Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by Rasūl Ḥāshimī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Āshtīyānī. Qom: Nashr-i ʿAllāma, [n.d]. | * Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by Rasūl Ḥāshimī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Āshtīyānī. Qom: Nashr-i ʿAllāma, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | |||
* Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsaʾ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410 AH. | * Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsaʾ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410 AH. | ||
* Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH. | * Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH. | ||
* Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma''. Edited by Sayyid Hashim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tabriz: Maktabat Banī Hāshimī, 1381 AH. | * Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma''. Edited by Sayyid Hashim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tabriz: Maktabat Banī Hāshimī, 1381 AH. | ||
* Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Fuṣūl al-mukhtarat min al-ʿuyūn wa al-maḥāsin''. [n.p]. [n.d]. | |||
* Muzaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. ''Al-Saqīfa''. Edited by Maḥmūd Muzaffar. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Intishārāt-i Anṣārīyān, 1415 AH. | * Muzaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. ''Al-Saqīfa''. Edited by Maḥmūd Muzaffar. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Intishārāt-i Anṣārīyān, 1415 AH. | ||
* Muqaddisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh''. Thiqāfat al-Dīniyya, [n.p]. [n.d]. | * Muqaddisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh''. Thiqāfat al-Dīniyya, [n.p]. [n.d]. | ||
* Muʿayyir, Zībā, Muftakharī Ḥusayn, Ṣādiq Āʾīenawand, ʿAlī Rajablū. ''Barrasī taʾthīr-i iʿzam lashkar-i Usāma bar chigūnigī-yi musharikāt-i siyāsi-yi nukhbigān-i muhājir wa anṣār dar Saqīfa wa tathbīt-i khilāfat''. Muṭāliʿāt-i Tārīkh-i Islām. No 17, Summer 1392 Sh. | |||
* Nayyir Tabrīzī. ''Dīwān-i ātashkada''. Tabriz: Kitābfurūshī-yi Hātif, 1319 Sh. | * Nayyir Tabrīzī. ''Dīwān-i ātashkada''. Tabriz: Kitābfurūshī-yi Hātif, 1319 Sh. | ||
* Naṣr b. Muzāhim Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn''. Qom: Maktabat Āyatullāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH. | * Naṣr b. Muzāhim Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn''. Qom: Maktabat Āyatullāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH. | ||
* Tījānī, Muḥammad. ''Muʾtamir al-saqīfa''. London: Muʾassisa al-Fajr, 1424 AH. | * Tījānī, Muḥammad. ''Muʾtamir al-saqīfa''. London: Muʾassisa al-Fajr, 1424 AH. | ||
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