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Abu Bakr: Difference between revisions
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Those present in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida finally gave [[allegiance]] to Abu Bakr as the caliph of the Prophet (s). He is the first caliph of [[Rashidun Caliphs]] in the view of [[Sunni]] people. According to the famous views of historians, he immigrated with the Prophet (s) and hid in the [[Cave of Thawr]]. During his short rule, controversial events happened, including the event of [[Fadak]], [[Ridda Wars]] (wars erupted due to apostasy), and beginning of the conquests. | Those present in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida finally gave [[allegiance]] to Abu Bakr as the caliph of the Prophet (s). He is the first caliph of [[Rashidun Caliphs]] in the view of [[Sunni]] people. According to the famous views of historians, he immigrated with the Prophet (s) and hid in the [[Cave of Thawr]]. During his short rule, controversial events happened, including the event of [[Fadak]], [[Ridda Wars]] (wars erupted due to apostasy), and beginning of the conquests. | ||
== | == Biography == | ||
According to some [[hadiths]] and evidences (life span and the date of his death), he was born in [[Mecca]] two years and some months after [[ | *'''Birth''' | ||
According to some [[hadiths]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 3, p. 223.</ref> and evidences (life span and the date of his death), he was born in [[Mecca]] two years and some months after [[Am al-Fil]] (probably 50 BH/573 CE). | |||
*'''Leneage''' | |||
The name of Abu Bakr at the [[Age of Ignorance]] was "Abd al-Ka'ba" and after Islam, the [[Prophet (s)]] called him Abd Allah.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 167.</ref> | |||
His father was Abu Quhafa Uthman (d. [[14]]/635) and his mother was Umm al-Khayr Salma, Bint Sakhr b. 'Amr b. Ka'b, both of whom were from the clan of Taym and were a relative of the [[Prophet (s)]] through Marra, their fifth generation forefather.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 169; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 167-168.</ref> | |||
In some sources, there are some poems quoted from some infidels slandering Abu Bakr, in one of which Bakr is mentioned as the son of Abu Bakr, but in none of the references where the names of the children of Abu Bakr have been listed, no one named Bakr has been mentioned. His opponents such as [[Abu Sufyan]] have altered Abu Bakr ("Bakr" meaning as "young camel") to "Abu Fusayl" ("Fusayl" meaning "baby camel kept from his mother's milk") in order to mock him. | *'''Teknonyms''' | ||
#Abu Bakr: In some sources, there are some poems quoted from some infidels slandering Abu Bakr, in one of which Bakr is mentioned as the son of Abu Bakr,<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 246.</ref> but in none of the references where the names of the children of Abu Bakr have been listed, no one named Bakr has been mentioned. His opponents such as [[Abu Sufyan]] have altered Abu Bakr ("Bakr" meaning as "young camel") to "Abu Fusayl" ("Fusayl" meaning "baby camel kept from his mother's milk") in order to mock him.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 253-255; Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 589.</ref> | |||
#Atiq: In some [[Sunni]] traditions, his name is mentioned as "Atiq", but most Sunni traditions have regarded 'Atiq a title for him and have said that the Prophet (s) called him Atiq due to the beauty of his face.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 127.</ref> According to a narration from [[Aisha]], the Prophet (s) called Abu Bakr "Atiq Allah min al-nar" [meaning "The one kept away from fire by God"].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 170; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 167.</ref> There are other causes mentioned as well for calling him Atiq.<ref>See: Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 3, p. 205; Suyūṭī, ‘’Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ’’, p. 28-29.</ref> | |||
#Siddiq: Another famous title of him among Sunni people is "Siddiq". According to Sunni sources, he was called so due to his unquestioned approval of the news of the Prophet's (s) ascension.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 3, p. 206; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 167.</ref> In a narration from [[Abu Hurayra]]'s [[mawla]], it is said that Angel [[Gabriel]] called Abu Bakr "Siddiq" in the night of [[Isra']].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 170.</ref> Some have said that he was famous with this title since the Age of Ignorance, so that 'Atiq was also shadowed by it. Due to his clemency and empathy, the title "Awwah" and also the title "Sahib Rasul Allah" [meaning "the one who accompanied the Prophet (s)"] were given to him by Sunni people.<ref>Darwaza, ‘’Tārīkh al-ʿarab fī l-Islām’’, p. 26.</ref> | |||
[[Shi'a]] scholars not only reject the title "Siddiq" for Abu Bakr, but referring to Sunni sources,<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 169; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 310; Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 2, p. 146.</ref> say that "[[Siddiq]]" and "[[Faruq]]" have been titles of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and believe that these titles must have been given to Abu Bakr the early days of Islamic history because Imam 'Ali (a) claimed them during his [[caliphate]] and on the [[minbar]] of [[Basra]].<ref>Amīnī, ‘’al-Ghadīr’’, vol. 2, p. 312-314.</ref> | |||
[[Shi'a]] scholars not only reject the title "Siddiq" for Abu Bakr, but referring to Sunni sources, say that "[[Siddiq]]" and "[[Faruq]]" have been titles of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and believe that these titles must have been given to Abu Bakr the early days of Islamic history because Imam 'Ali (a) claimed them during his [[caliphate]] and on the [[minbar]] of [[Basra]]. | |||
== Wives and Children == | == Wives and Children == | ||
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* Qutayla daughter of 'Abd al-'Uzza b. As'ad from Banu 'Amir b. Lu'a, who was the mother of 'Abd Allah and Asma' (mother of [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]]) | * Qutayla daughter of 'Abd al-'Uzza b. As'ad from Banu 'Amir b. Lu'a, who was the mother of 'Abd Allah and Asma' (mother of [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]]) | ||
* [[Asma' bt. 'Umays|Asma' daughter of 'Umays]], the mother of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]] | * [[Asma' bt. 'Umays|Asma' daughter of 'Umays]], the mother of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]] | ||
* Habiba daughter of Kharija b. Zayd b. Abi Zuhayr, the mother of Umm Kulthum | * Habiba daughter of Kharija b. Zayd b. Abi Zuhayr, the mother of Umm Kulthum<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 8, p. 249, 276, 280-285, 360; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 172-173.</ref> | ||
== Acceptance of Islam == | == Acceptance of Islam == | ||
There is a disagreement among [[Sunni]] sources about acceptance of Islam by Abu Bakr. Some Sunni scholars consider Abu Bakr the fourth Muslim after [[Lady Khadija (a)]], [[Imam | There is a disagreement among [[Sunni]] sources about acceptance of Islam by Abu Bakr. Some Sunni scholars consider Abu Bakr the fourth Muslim after [[Lady Khadija (a)]], [[Imam Ali (a)]], and [[Zayd b. Haritha]]. Therefore, some Sunni scholars have said that Abu Bakr was the first of the four who was a free man and became Muslim.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 310; Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 1, p. 264.</ref> [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]] narrated from Muhammad b. Sa'd that Abu Bakr became Muslim after 50 others<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 316.</ref> and [[Sayyid Ja'far al-Murtada al-Amili]] regards this opinion as the researchers' opinion. | ||
: It seems the claim that he was the first who became Muslim has been made after the martyrdom of [[Imam Ali (a)]], and apparently [[Mu'awiya]] ordered to create that and promote in all Islamic territories. Sayyid Ja'far al-Murtada rejects this claim supporting with many proofs.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ‘’al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sirat al-nabīyy’’, vol. 2, p. 324-330.</ref> | |||
It seems the claim that he was the first who became Muslim has been made after the martyrdom of [[Imam | |||
[[Abu Ja'far al-Iskafi al-Mu'tazili]], also, said: "If Abu Bakr was the first Muslim, why he never stated that as one of his virtues, even on the [[Event of Saqifa|Day of Saqifa]], and none of his supporters from the [[companions]] claimed that?"<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 13, p. 224.</ref> | |||
It can also be possible that their membership in [[ | In some [[Sunni]] books, it is stated that due to the social position of Abu Bakr among [[Quraysh]], some people in [[Mecca]] became Muslim after him including [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], [[Al-Zubayr b. al-'Awwam]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]], [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] and [[Talha b. Ubayd Allah]];<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 1, p. 267-268; Ibn Ḥibbān, ‘’Kitāb al-thiqāt’’, vol. 1, p. 52-53.</ref> however, some have questioned the validity of this report and that this group became Muslim following the invitation of Abu Bakr and believe that the age difference of some of them (Zubayr, Sa'd and Talha) with Abu Bakr was about 20 years and they could not be his associates.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 317.</ref> Moreover, from comparison of the reports of Ibn Sa'd,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 124, 400.</ref> it can be inferred that Abd al-Rahman b. Awf was among those who became Muslim together with [[Uthman b. Maz'un]], not with Abu Bakr. | ||
It can also be possible that their membership in [[Umar]]'s [[Six-Member Council]] and some other considerations made later narrators take their acceptance of Islam following the guidance of Abu Bakr and prior to others.<ref>Zaryāb, ‘’Sīra-yi rasūl Allāh’’, p. 115-116.</ref> | |||
==During suffering Muslims== | |||
With the beginning of the enmity of polytheists and annoying Muslims, Abu Bakr also received sufferings. Sunni sources have reported that he was injured by the polytheists. When such annoying escalated, he took permission from the [[Prophet (s)]] and left [[Mecca]] to [[Ethiopia]], however, by the suggestion of Jiwar and support of Ibn al-Dughunna (an influential person from Quraysh), he returned to Mecca and when once again began preaching openly, annoying him also resumed. | With the beginning of the enmity of polytheists and annoying Muslims, Abu Bakr also received sufferings. Sunni sources have reported that he was injured by the polytheists. When such annoying escalated, he took permission from the [[Prophet (s)]] and left [[Mecca]] to [[Ethiopia]], however, by the suggestion of Jiwar and support of Ibn al-Dughunna (an influential person from Quraysh), he returned to Mecca and when once again began preaching openly, annoying him also resumed. | ||