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Abu Bakr: Difference between revisions
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==During suffering Muslims== | ==During suffering Muslims== | ||
With the beginning of the enmity of polytheists and annoying Muslims, Abu Bakr also received sufferings. Sunni sources have reported that he was injured by the polytheists. When such annoying escalated, he took permission from the [[Prophet (s)]] and left [[Mecca]] to [[Ethiopia]], however, by the suggestion of Jiwar and support of Ibn al-Dughunna (an influential person from Quraysh), he returned to Mecca and when once again began preaching openly, annoying him also resumed. | With the beginning of the enmity of polytheists and annoying Muslims, Abu Bakr also received sufferings.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 1, p. 310; Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ‘’al-Musnad’’, vol. 2, p. 204.</ref> Sunni sources have reported that he was injured by the polytheists. When such annoying escalated, he took permission from the [[Prophet (s)]] and left [[Mecca]] to [[Ethiopia]], however, by the suggestion of Jiwar and support of Ibn al-Dughunna (an influential person from Quraysh), he returned to Mecca and when once again began preaching openly, annoying him also resumed.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 2, p. 11-13; Ibn Ḥibbān, ‘’Kitāb al-thiqāt’’, vol. 1, p. 67-69.</ref> | ||
== Immigrating to Medina == | == Immigrating to Medina == | ||
{{Main|Hijra}} | {{Main|Hijra}} | ||
The most significant event in the life of Abu Bakr in [[Mecca]] was his company with the [[Prophet (s)]] during [[immigration to Medina]] and hiding in the [[Cave of Thawr]]. This event happened on the eve of Thursday, [[Rabi' I 1]], [[1 AH]] (14 years after beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission, September 13, 622 CE). The famous report is that when the Prophet (s) became aware about the plot of his assassination through revelation, went out of Mecca with Abu Bakr who was already prepared for immigration and went toward [[Yathrib]] through a detour until they arrived at the cave. | The most significant event in the life of Abu Bakr in [[Mecca]] was his company with the [[Prophet (s)]] during [[immigration to Medina]] and hiding in the [[Cave of Thawr]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 1, p. 227-228.</ref> This event happened on the eve of Thursday, [[Rabi' I 1]], [[1 AH]] (14 years after the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission, September 13, 622 CE). The famous report is that when the Prophet (s) became aware about the plot of his assassination through revelation, went out of Mecca with Abu Bakr who was already prepared for immigration and went toward [[Yathrib]] through a detour until they arrived at the cave.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 1, p. 227-229; Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 2, p. 126-129.</ref> | ||
[[ | After immigration to Medina, Abu Bakr resided in Sunkh, a neighborhood around [[Medina]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 173-174; Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 2, p. 136-138.</ref> According to some sources, he was with the Prophet (s) everywhere in Medina and eight months later that the Prophet (s) established brotherhood contract among the [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]], he (s) called Abu Bakr and [[Umar]] brothers;<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 174.</ref> however, in Rafi' al-Din Hamadani's Persian translation of ''[[Sira Ibn Ishaq]]'', it is mentioned that "Abu Bakr…became brother with Kharija b. (Zayd b. Abi) Zuhayr who was among Ansar."<ref>Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, ‘’Sīrat Rasūl Allāh’’, p. 485.</ref> | ||
In Medina, Abu Bakr visited the Prophet (s) every other day and according to some reports, he was with the Prophet (s) in all [[Ghazwa|battles]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 3, p. 212; Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 175.</ref> | |||
== Presence in the Prophet's (s) Battles == | |||
[[Al-Waqidi]] has explicitly mentioned the presence of Abu Bakr in the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 26-55.</ref> [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 240.</ref> [[Battle of Hamra' al-Asad|Hamra' al-Asad]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 336.</ref> [[Battle of Banu Nadir|Bani al-Nadir]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 364.</ref> [[Battle of Badr al-Maw'id|Badr al-Maw'id]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 386.</ref> [[Battle of Muraysi'|Muraysi']],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 405.</ref> [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 448-449.</ref> [[Battle of Bani Qurayda|Bani Qurayda]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 498.</ref> [[Battle of Bani Lihyan|Bani Lihyan]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 536.</ref> [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty|Hudaybiyya]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 1, p. 580.</ref> [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 644.</ref> [[Conquest of Mecca]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 782-813.</ref> [[Battle of Hunanyn|Hunayn]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 900.</ref> [[Battle of Ta'if|Ta'if]],<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 930-931.</ref> [[Battle of Tabuk|Tabuk]]<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 991-996.</ref> and also [[Sariyya|Saraya]] of [[Sariyya of Najd|Najd]]<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 722.</ref> and [[Sariyya of Dhat al-Salasil|Dhat al-Salasil]].<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 770.</ref> | |||
According to [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]]'s quotation from his teacher Abu Ja'far al-Iskafi, "Abu Bakr neither threw an arrow, draw a sword nor spilt any blood."<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 13, p. 170.</ref> | |||
In the Battle of Khaybar, the [[Prophet (s)]] sent both Abu Bakr and [[ | In the Battle of Khaybar, the [[Prophet (s)]] sent both Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] for taking Khaybar castle, but neither of whom were successful. Then, the Prophet (s) said, "tomorrow, I will give the banner to a person who loves God and His messenger (s) and God and His messenger (s) love him and he will take Khaybar castle." Afterwards, he (s) called [[Imam Ali (a)]] and gave the banner to him and he (a) could take the castle.<ref>Dhahabī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, vol. 2, p. 412; Ibn Abī Shayba, ‘’al-Muṣannaf’’, vol. 6, p. 367; Ījī, ‘’al-Mawāqif’’, vol. 3, p. 634.</ref> | ||
Toward the end of the Prophet's (s) life, he (s) prepared an army to fight with Romans and while there were famous people such as Abu Bakr in the army, the Prophet (s) appointed [[Usama b. Zayd]] as the commander of the army. | Toward the end of the Prophet's (s) life, he (s) prepared an army to fight with Romans and while there were famous people such as Abu Bakr in the army, the Prophet (s) appointed [[Usama b. Zayd]] as the commander of the army.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 113.</ref> | ||
== Story of Delivering the Sura | == Story of Delivering the Sura al-Bara'a == | ||
One of the controversial mission of Abu Bakr was leading [[hajj]] in [[9]]/631 and delivering [[Sura al-Bara'a]] to people. According to Ibn Ishaq, after the [[Battle of Tabuk]], the [[Prophet (s)]] sent Abu Bakr in [[Dhu l-Hijja]] 9 AH to [[Mecca]] as the [[Amir al-Hajj|leader of hajj]]. When he went out of [[Medina]], Sura al-Bara'a was revealed to the Prophet (s) and saying that "only a man from my relatives delivers this message to people", he (s) sent [[ | One of the controversial mission of Abu Bakr was leading [[hajj]] in [[9]]/631 and delivering [[Sura al-Bara'a]] to people. According to Ibn Ishaq, after the [[Battle of Tabuk]], the [[Prophet (s)]] sent Abu Bakr in [[Dhu l-Hijja]] 9 AH to [[Mecca]] as the [[Amir al-Hajj|leader of hajj]]. When he went out of [[Medina]], Sura al-Bara'a was revealed to the Prophet (s) and saying that "only a man from my relatives delivers this message to people", he (s) sent [[Ali (a)]] riding his the Prophet's (s) camel to Mecca to deliver the message.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 4, p. 188-191.</ref> There are different opinions among the exegetes and historians about the number of verses recited in hajj, their reciting place, time of their revelation (before moving of Abu Bakr or after it) and removing Abu Bakr from leading hajj and appointment of Ali (a) in his place.<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 1077; Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 2, p. 168-169; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 10, p. 41-47.</ref> | ||
== Story of the Army of Usama == | == Story of the Army of Usama == | ||
The last mission of Abu Bakr, [['Umar b. al-Khattab| | The last mission of Abu Bakr, [['Umar b. al-Khattab|Umar]], [[Abu Ubayda b. al-Jarrah]] and some others among the elders of the [[companions]] before the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] was participating in the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] heading [[Mu'ta]] of [[Syria]]. According to [[al-Waqidi]]<ref>Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 1117.</ref> and [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]],<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 2, p. 189-190.</ref> on Monday, four days before the end of month of [[Safar]], after [[Hajjat al-Wida']], and few days before his demise, the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered that they prepare for the battle with Romans. The next day, he (s) called Usama and appointed him as the commander of the army,<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 184; Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 4, p. 253.</ref> but the movement of this army regardless of the prophet's (s) great emphasis did not take place. First, they delayed due to the objection of some of the companions about Usama's youth and then with the excuse of preparation of the provisions of the journey and then due to receiving the news of the aggravation of the illness of the Prophet (s) and Usama's return to [[Medina]]. Regardless of the explicit orders of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, Umar and some others returned to Medina from Jurf camp.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 13, p. 159-162; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 186.</ref> | ||
== Story of the Congregational Prayer Towards the End of the Prophet's (s) Life == | == Story of the Congregational Prayer Towards the End of the Prophet's (s) Life == | ||