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Aisha: Difference between revisions
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===In the Period of Uthman=== | ===In the Period of Uthman=== | ||
A'isha's relation with [[Uthman b. 'Affan|Uthman]] was cordial during the first few years of his caliphate, but soured during the end. However, in the second half of his caliphate, their relationships tended to hostility, cultivating in her leadership of riots against, and murdering, Uthman. Based on accounts of the dispute between A'isha and the third caliph, it was grounded in Uthman's poor administrative performance, tribalism, and | A'isha's relation with [[Uthman b. 'Affan|Uthman]] was cordial during the first few years of his caliphate, but soured during the end. However, in the second half of his caliphate, their relationships tended to hostility, cultivating in her leadership of riots against, and murdering, Uthman. Based on accounts of the dispute between A'isha and the third caliph, it was grounded in Uthman's poor administrative performance, tribalism, and corruption. Moreover, political disputes between A'isha and Uthman was fueled by his injustice to [[companions]] such as [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]], [['Ammar]], [[Abu Dhar]], and [[Jundab]]. In her sermons, as well as in her encounters with Uthman in the [[Masjid al-Nabawai|Mosque of Medina]], she seriously criticized the caliph. In response, Uthman likened her to the wives of [[Noah (a)]] and [[Lot (a)]] who betrayed their husbands and entered the [[Hell]]. A'isha strongly reacted to the response and shouted, "kill the stupid old man, because he has become an unbeliever", thus announcing that Uthman deserved death. | ||
===In the Period of Imam Ali (a)=== | ===In the Period of Imam Ali (a)=== | ||
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The role A'isha played in stimulating a massive uprising against the caliphate of Imam Ali (a), which led to the [[Battle of the Camel]], was a huge indicator of her enmity towards him. Some [[Sunni]] writers believed her to be under the influence of instigative evil-doers and supposed her gathering of an army to be for the revenge from Uthman's killers and not an act of opposition to Imam Ali (a). They considered this an error in [[ijtihad]] for which A'isha herself was later repentant. | The role A'isha played in stimulating a massive uprising against the caliphate of Imam Ali (a), which led to the [[Battle of the Camel]], was a huge indicator of her enmity towards him. Some [[Sunni]] writers believed her to be under the influence of instigative evil-doers and supposed her gathering of an army to be for the revenge from Uthman's killers and not an act of opposition to Imam Ali (a). They considered this an error in [[ijtihad]] for which A'isha herself was later repentant. | ||
A'isha, who was amongst the opponents of Uthman and was present in [[Mecca]] at the time of Uthman's murder, on hearing the news of Imam Ali's [[caliphate]], remained in Mecca. After a while when [[Talha]] and [[Zubayr b. al-'Awwam|Zubayr]] reached Mecca, the three after gathering an army of Arab tribes journeyed to Basra and claimed to avenge the blood of Uthman. After conquering this city, they deployed their army against that of Imam Ali's (a). The battle that ensued thereafter was named the Battle of the Camel because of Aisha's presence in it as she sat on the top of a Camel. This was the first battle to take place between the Muslims themselves. | A'isha, who was amongst the opponents of Uthman and was present in [[Mecca]] at the time of Uthman's murder, on hearing the news of Imam Ali's [[caliphate]], remained in Mecca. After a while when [[Talha]] and [[Zubayr b. al-'Awwam|Zubayr]] reached Mecca, the three after gathering an army of Arab tribes journeyed to [[Basra]] and claimed to avenge the blood of Uthman. After conquering this city, they deployed their army against that of Imam Ali's (a). The battle that ensued thereafter was named the Battle of the Camel because of Aisha's presence in it as she sat on the top of a Camel. This was the first battle to take place between the Muslims themselves. | ||
According to [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], because of her position as the wife of the Prophet (s) and the daughter of the first caliph, A'isha was able to boost the chances of Imam Ali's opponents to rage a war against him. When the Battle ended, Imam Ali reprehended A'isha whose face was slightly injured. He then ordered [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]] to check his sister's condition, and she was then respectfully returned to [[Medina]]. | According to [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], because of her position as the wife of the Prophet (s) and the daughter of the first caliph, A'isha was able to boost the chances of Imam Ali's opponents to rage a war against him. When the Battle ended, Imam Ali reprehended A'isha whose face was slightly injured. He then ordered [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]] to check his sister's condition, and she was then respectfully returned to [[Medina]]. | ||
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==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
A'isha died of a natural death | A'isha died of a natural death on [[10 Shawwal]] [[58]]/[[8 August]] 678 (or 57/677) at the age of 66 in [[Medina]]. [[Abu Hurayra]] led her funeral prayer and she was buried in the [[al-Baqi' cemetery]]. Some said she died on 17 [[Ramadan]] 58. | ||
There is a disagreement about why A'isha died. Some people believe that she died a natural death. Others appeal to certain sources to show that [[Mu'awiya]] had a role in killing A'isha by digging a hole and throwing her in it because she had criticized him for forcing people to pledge their [[allegiance]] to [[Yazid]]. People who believe that A'isha was killed date the event to the late [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. | There is a disagreement about why A'isha died. Some people believe that she died a natural death. Others appeal to certain sources to show that [[Mu'awiya]] had a role in killing A'isha by digging a hole and throwing her in it because she had criticized him for forcing people to pledge their [[allegiance]] to [[Yazid]]. People who believe that A'isha was killed, date the event to the late [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
Sunni sources of hadiths and history provide detailed and exclusive accounts of A'isha and her virtues. They characterize her as a person of knowledge and literature, as she was educated by her father, and as someone who was familiar with medicine. She is also said to be knowledgeable of revealed verses of the Qur'an, divine rulings, Islamic traditions, poems, Arabian battles, judgeship, and genealogy. | Sunni sources of hadiths and history provide detailed and exclusive accounts of A'isha and her virtues. They characterize her as a person of knowledge and literature, as she was educated by her father, and as someone who was familiar with medicine. She is also said to be knowledgeable of revealed verses of the Qur'an, divine rulings, Islamic traditions, poems, Arabian battles, judgeship, and genealogy. | ||
It is quoted that A'isha was the only wife of the Prophet (s) who had not been married earlier. Sunni Muslims | It is quoted that A'isha was the only wife of the Prophet (s) who had not been married earlier. Sunni Muslims cite many accounts indicating the Prophet's (s) great affection for her to the extent of calling her the Prophet's (s) most beloved wife. | ||
===Shiite View=== | ===Shiite View=== | ||
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According to the Shi'a, A'isha's jealous acts against other wives of the Prophet (s) were repugnant. This is shown by historical accounts of her jealousy towards other wives of the Prophet (s), particularly [[Lady Khadija (a)]]. There is an abundance of evidence for this characteristic in Sunni sources. She is quoted as saying that she felt jealous when the Prophet (s) repeatedly mentioned Khadija (a). There are also accounts of her jealousy of [[Mariya al-Qibtiyya]] when she gave birth to a child. According to sources, the Prophet (s) was upset by her jealous acts. | According to the Shi'a, A'isha's jealous acts against other wives of the Prophet (s) were repugnant. This is shown by historical accounts of her jealousy towards other wives of the Prophet (s), particularly [[Lady Khadija (a)]]. There is an abundance of evidence for this characteristic in Sunni sources. She is quoted as saying that she felt jealous when the Prophet (s) repeatedly mentioned Khadija (a). There are also accounts of her jealousy of [[Mariya al-Qibtiyya]] when she gave birth to a child. According to sources, the Prophet (s) was upset by her jealous acts. | ||
On the claims that A'isha was extremely beautiful and favored by the Prophet (s), the Shi'a believe that since most of these accounts go back to A'isha herself and her nephew, 'Urwa b. Zubayr, they are not reliable. They provide several pieces of evidence to show that, to the contrary, she was not beautiful and favored by the Prophet (s). | On the claims that A'isha was extremely beautiful and favored by the Prophet (s), the Shi'a believe that since most of these accounts go back to A'isha herself and her nephew, 'Urwa b. Zubayr, they are not reliable. They provide several pieces of evidence to show that, to the contrary, she was not beautiful and not favored by the Prophet (s). | ||
====Cursing A'isha==== | ====Cursing A'isha==== | ||
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==Role in the Narration of Hadith== | ==Role in the Narration of Hadith== | ||
A'isha was amongst the most important narrators of the words and the life of the Prophet (s). The number of traditions related to her exceeds 2100. Parts of the reports narrated by her which are present in | A'isha was amongst the most important narrators of the words and the life of the Prophet (s). The number of traditions related to her exceeds 2100. Parts of the reports narrated by her which are present in hadith sources have been subject to research and criticism by the [[Shi'a]] researchers and academics. | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
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* '' A'isha dar dawran Ali (a)'', written by Sayyid Murtada 'Askari. | * '' A'isha dar dawran Ali (a)'', written by Sayyid Murtada 'Askari. | ||
* ''Naqsh A'isha dar tarikh-i Islam'', written by Sayyid Murtada 'Askari. | * ''Naqsh A'isha dar tarikh-i Islam'', written by Sayyid Murtada 'Askari. | ||
* '' A'isha dar sihah-i | * '' A'isha dar sihah-i sitta'', written by Husayn Tayyibiyan. | ||
* '' A'isha dar hayat-i Muhammad'', written by Sibihruz Mawludi. | * '' A'isha dar hayat-i Muhammad'', written by Sibihruz Mawludi. | ||