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{{The Wives of the Prophet (s)-Vertical}}
{{The Wives of the Prophet (s)-Vertical}}
'''ʿĀʾisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr''' (Arabic: {{ia|عائشة بنت ابي بکر}}) (d. [[58]]/678) was the third wife of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], who married him after the death of [[Lady Khadija (a)]] and after his marriage to [[Suda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Suda]]. There is a disagreement among historians as to her age at time of her marriage with the Prophet (s). The [[Incident of Ifk]] was a prominent event in A'isha's life, when she was accused by some people, some verses of [[Qur'an 24]]<ref>Verses 11 to 26</ref> were revealed, in which God reprehended the accusers.
'''ʿĀʾisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr''' (Arabic: {{ia|عائشة بنت ابي بکر}}) (d. [[58]]/678) was the third wife of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], who married him after the death of [[Lady Khadija (a)]] and after his marriage to [[Suda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Suda]]. There is a disagreement among historians as to her age at time of her marriage with the Prophet (s). The [[Incident of Ifk]] was a prominent event in A'isha's life. When after an incident, she was accused by some people, some verses of [[Qur'an 24]]<ref>Verses 11 to 26</ref> were revealed, in which God reprehended the accusers.


Of the wives of the Prophet (s), she is best-known for her political activities and positions and the role she played after the [[demise of the Prophet (s)]]. She tried her best to pave the path for the [[caliphate]] of the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and the [[Umar b. Khattab|second]] caliphs, and she helped them establish their positions by citing [[hadith]]s about their virtues. During [[Uthman]]'s caliphate, she supported him at first, but later she turned away from him and ordered a riot against him which led to his murder. After the murder of Uthman, A'isha rioted against [[Ali (a)]] with the intention of avenging for Uthman. With the help of some [[companions]], she started the [[Battle of Jamal]] against Ali (a).
Of the wives of the Prophet (s), she has gained more fame due to her political activities and positions and the role she played after the [[demise of the Prophet (s)]]. She tried her best to pave the path for the [[caliphate]] of the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and the [[Umar b. al-Khattab|second]] caliphs, and she helped them strengthen their positions by citing [[hadith]]s about their virtues. During [[Uthman]]'s caliphate, she supported him at first, but later she turned away from him and orchestrated a riot against him which led to his murder. After the murder of Uthman, A'isha rioted against [[Ali (a)]] with the intention of avenging for Uthman. With the help of some [[companions]], she started the [[Battle of Jamal]] against Ali (a).


[[Sunni]] scholars appeal to certain hadiths to show the virtues of A'isha and her being favored by the Prophet (s). However, the [[Shi'a]] reject such evidence, pointing to her contemptuous behaviors and jealousy. The Shi'a criticize her practice and conducts because of perturbing the Prophet (s), her positions during the caliphate of Imam Ali (a), and her role in initiating the Battle of Jamal.
[[Sunni]] scholars appeal to certain hadiths to show the virtues of A'isha and her being favored by the Prophet (s). However, the [[Shi'a]] reject such evidence, pointing to her contemptuous behaviors and jealousy. The Shi'a have levelled many criticisms againt her behavior and conduct because of perturbing the Prophet (s), her stances during the caliphate of Imam Ali (a), and her role in initiating the Battle of Jamal.


==Lineage, Teknonym, and Epithet==
==Lineage, Teknonym, and Epithet==
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==Marriage to the Prophet (s)==
==Marriage to the Prophet (s)==
Aishah was one of the wives of the Prophet (s). She married him after the death of [[Lady Khadija (a)]] and after the Prophet's marriage to [[Suda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Suda]] the daughter of Zam'a b. Qays. Her marriage with the Prophet (s) lasted nine years and five months. It is widely agreed that the marriage took place after the demise of Lady Khadija (a). However, there is a disagreement as to whether it occurred two or three years before [[Hijra]]. On some accounts A'isha's marriage to the Prophet (s) preceded his marriage to Suda. However, according to the majority of hadiths, the Prophet's marriage to Suda preceded his marriage to A'isha. It is said that Khawla, [[Uthman b. Maz'un]]'s wife, went to [[Abu Bakr]] and proposed the marriage to A'isha's father. The Prophet (s) married A'isha in [[Shawwal]] of [[11]] (December 632). The [[mahr]] for their marriage was four hundred dirhams.
Aisha was one of the wives of the Prophet (s). She married him after the death of [[Lady Khadija (a)]] and after the Prophet's marriage to [[Suda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Suda]], the daughter of Zam'a b. Qays. Her marriage with the Prophet (s) lasted nine years and five months. It is widely agreed that the marriage took place after the demise of Lady Khadija (a). However, there is a disagreement as to whether it occurred two or three years before [[Hijra]]. On some accounts A'isha's marriage to the Prophet (s) preceded his marriage to Suda. However, according to the majority of hadiths, the Prophet's marriage to Suda preceded his marriage to A'isha. It is said that Khawla, [[Uthman b. Maz'un]]'s wife, went to [[Abu Bakr]] and proposed the marriage to A'isha's father. The Prophet (s) married A'isha in [[Shawwal]] of [[11]] (December 632). The [[mahr]] for their marriage was four hundred dirhams.


===A'isha's Age at the Time of Marriage===
===A'isha's Age at the Time of Marriage===
There are disagreement about her age at the time of marriage, her age at the time of marriage and consummation is reported between six to eighteen. According to popular sources of history, A'isha was around six or seven years old at the time of her marriage to the Prophet (s)<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 47-48. </ref> The consummation of their marriage took place a few years later after the migration to [[Medina]] when A'isha was nine years old.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 47-48. </ref>
There are disagreement about her age at the time of marriage. Her age at the time of marriage and consummation is reported between six to eighteen. According to popular sources of history, A'isha was around six or seven years old at the time of her marriage to the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 47-48. </ref> The consummation of their marriage took place a few years later after the migration to [[Medina]] when A'isha was nine years old.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 47-48. </ref>


[[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] denies that A'isha was underage at the time of marriage. He argues that she was between thirteen and seventeen at the time of 'aqd (the [[Marriage formula]]). He cites Ibn Ishaq's account according to which A'isha was one of the people who converted to Islam early after [[Bi'tha]]; in fact she was the nineteenth Muslim. Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili draws on this to show that if she was, say, seven at the time of Bi'tha, then she must have been seventeen at the time of marriage and twenty at the time of Hijra, unless it is claimed that she was younger than seven when she converted to Islam.
[[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] denies that A'isha was underage at the time of marriage. He argues that she was between thirteen and seventeen at the time of 'aqd (the [[Marriage formula]]). He cites Ibn Ishaq's account according to which A'isha was one of the people who converted to Islam early after [[Bi'tha]]; in fact she was the nineteenth Muslim. Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili draws on this to show that if she was, say, seven at the time of Bi'tha, then she must have been seventeen at the time of marriage and twenty at the time of Hijra, unless it is claimed that she was younger than seven when she converted to Islam.
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==After the Prophet (s)==
==After the Prophet (s)==
===In the Period of al-Shaykhayn===
===In the Period of al-Shaykhayn===
During the period of the [[caliphate]] of Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. Khattab|Umar]], A'isha did not directly interfere in political matters in spite of being the wife of the Prophet (s), the daughter of [[Abu Bakr|the first caliph]], occupying a high social status and being well served by the first two caliphs. According to a group of Shi'a authors, A'isha played an important role in making Abu Bakr reach caliphate, and in the last days of the Prophet's (s) life, strove to create the groundwork for her father's caliphate. Likewise, she narrated traditions from the Prophet (s) mentioning the virtues of Abu Bakr and Umar in order to help establish and legitimize their caliphate.<ref>Wāridī, ''Naqsh-i hamsarān-i rasūl-i khudā'', p. 114.</ref> There are accounts which relate the first two caliphs offering gifts and reaching out to A'isha and extending continuous help and offerings to her much more compared to the other wives of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 53. </ref> These reports have caught the attention of the Shi'a and have been regarded as a form of unfairness.<ref>Taqīzāda Dāwarī, ''Taṣwīr-i khāniwāda-yi Payāmbar'', p. 115-116.</ref>
During the period of the [[caliphate]] of Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. Khattab|Umar]], A'isha did not directly interfere in political matters in spite of being the wife of the Prophet (s), the daughter of [[Abu Bakr|the first caliph]], occupying a high social status and being well served by the first two caliphs. According to a group of Shi'a authors, A'isha played an important role in making Abu Bakr accede to caliphate, and on the last days of the Prophet's (s) life, strove to pave the ground for her father's caliphate. Likewise, she narrated traditions from the Prophet (s) mentioning the virtues of Abu Bakr and Umar in order to help establish and legitimize their caliphate.<ref>Wāridī, ''Naqsh-i hamsarān-i rasūl-i khudā'', p. 114.</ref> There are accounts which relate the first two caliphs offering gifts and reaching out to A'isha and extending continuous help and offerings to her much more compared to the other wives of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 53. </ref> These reports have caught the attention of the Shi'a and have been regarded as a form of unfairness.<ref>Taqīzāda Dāwarī, ''Taṣwīr-i khāniwāda-yi Payāmbar'', p. 115-116.</ref>


===In the Period of Uthman===
===In the Period of Uthman===
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