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Al-Shiqshiqiyya Sermon: Difference between revisions
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'''Al-Shiqshiqīyya Sermon''' (Arabic: {{inlineArabic|الخطبة الشقشقیة}}) is one of the best-known sermons in [[Nahj al-balagha]]. In this sermon, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] depicts the periods of the [[first three Caliphs]], and criticizes their performances, challenging the legitimacy of their [[caliphate]]. He also points out that people rushed into his house in order to pledge their [[allegiance]] to him. He refers to [[Nakithun]] (Oath-breakers), [[Qasitun]] (the cruel) and [[Mariqun]] (Khawarij), and he finally mentions the reason why he accepted to undertake the power. In most versions of Nahj al-balagha, the sermon is the third sermon. | '''Al-Shiqshiqīyya Sermon''' (Arabic: {{inlineArabic|الخطبة الشقشقیة}}) is one of the best-known sermons in ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]''. In this sermon, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] depicts the periods of the [[first three Caliphs]], and criticizes their performances, challenging the legitimacy of their [[caliphate]]. He also points out that people rushed into his house in order to pledge their [[allegiance]] to him. He refers to [[Nakithun]] (Oath-breakers), [[Qasitun]] (the cruel) and [[Mariqun]] (Khawarij), and he finally mentions the reason why he accepted to undertake the power. In most versions of ''Nahj al-balagha'', the sermon is the third sermon. | ||
The person who directly narrated the sermon (that is, heard it immediately from Imam 'Ali (a) himself) was [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] whose narrations are also reliable for [[Sunni]] Muslims. The sermon has repeatedly been translated and interpreted. Some Sunni scholars have cast doubts about the reliability and the content of the sermon, though some others take it to be reliable. | The person who directly narrated the sermon (that is, heard it immediately from Imam 'Ali (a) himself) was [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] whose narrations are also reliable for [[Sunni]] Muslims. The sermon has repeatedly been translated and interpreted. Some Sunni scholars have cast doubts about the reliability and the content of the sermon, though some others take it to be reliable. | ||
==The | ==The Main Issues in the Sermon== | ||
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* [[Abu Bakr]]'s knowledge of [[Imam 'Ali]]'s (a) superiority over him with respect to the [[caliphate]]. | * [[Abu Bakr]]'s knowledge of [[Imam 'Ali]]'s (a) superiority over him with respect to the [[caliphate]]. | ||
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* His concerns about Abu Bakr's having chosen a violent person as his successor. | * His concerns about Abu Bakr's having chosen a violent person as his successor. | ||
* The uncontrollability of [['Umar b. Khattab]] and people's troubles during his period. | * The uncontrollability of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] and people's troubles during his period. | ||
* The incomparability of Imam 'Ali (a) with other members of the [[six-member council]] and thus criticizing the formation of such a council. | * The incomparability of Imam 'Ali (a) with other members of the [[six-member council]] and thus criticizing the formation of such a council. | ||
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* The reason why Imam 'Ali (a) accepted the caliphate. | * The reason why Imam 'Ali (a) accepted the caliphate. | ||
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==Place and | ==Place and Time== | ||
As evidenced by historical points made in the sermon, such as Imam 'Ali's (a) talk of Nakithun (his enemies in the [[Battle of Jamal]], [[36]]/656-7), Qasitun ([[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] and his companions in the [[Battle of Siffin]], late [[36]]/657 and early [[37]]/657) and Mariqun ([[Khawarij]] in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]], late [[37]]/658 or early [[38]]/658) and as evidenced by [[Ibn 'Abbas]]'s presence in [[Kufa]], the sermon should have been delivered around late [[38]]/659 or early [[39]]/659.<ref>Ṭāliqānī, ''Partuwī az Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 128.</ref> | As evidenced by historical points made in the sermon, such as Imam 'Ali's (a) talk of Nakithun (his enemies in the [[Battle of Jamal]], [[36]]/656-7), Qasitun ([[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] and his companions in the [[Battle of Siffin]], late [[36]]/657 and early [[37]]/657) and Mariqun ([[Khawarij]] in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]], late [[37]]/658 or early [[38]]/658) and as evidenced by [[Ibn 'Abbas]]'s presence in [[Kufa]], the sermon should have been delivered around late [[38]]/659 or early [[39]]/659.<ref>Ṭāliqānī, ''Partuwī az Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 128.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 287.</ref> and [[Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi]]<ref>Rāwandī, ''Minhāj al-birāʿa'', vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> took the sermon to have taken place in "rahba" (Arabic: | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 287.</ref> and [[Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi]]<ref>Rāwandī, ''Minhāj al-birāʿa'', vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> took the sermon to have taken place in "rahba" (Arabic: {{ia|رَحبَه}}). By "rahba" here is meant a place in the middle of the courtyard of [[Kufa Mosque]] in which Imam 'Ali (a) gave many sermons or issued judiciary verdicts. This is why during the anti-'Ali (a) period of [[Ziyad b. Abih]], [[narrator]]s of [[hadith]] mentioned Imam 'Ali (a) as "Sahib al-Rahba" (the companion of rahba).<ref>Madanī, ''al-Ṭarāz al-awwal'', vol. 2, p. 61.</ref> According to Matarzi (d. [[610]]/1213-4), rahba in Kufa was a podium in the middle of the Kufa Mosque in which Imam 'Ali (a) sat and delivered his sermons. This is the place where Imam 'Ali (a) was said to have thrown the booties of Khawarij.<ref>Muṭarrizā, ''al-Mughrib'', vol. 1, p. 324.</ref> | ||
==Appellation== | ==Appellation== | ||
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Imam 'Ali (a) assimilated his own state with the excitation of a camel; the sermon thus came out of his mouth and heart like a foam. He said that at the end of the sermon he was in a normal situation and thus he could not continue the sermon. This is why 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas is quoted as saying that: "I have never regretted any talk remaining unfinished like I did for this sermon". | Imam 'Ali (a) assimilated his own state with the excitation of a camel; the sermon thus came out of his mouth and heart like a foam. He said that at the end of the sermon he was in a normal situation and thus he could not continue the sermon. This is why 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas is quoted as saying that: "I have never regretted any talk remaining unfinished like I did for this sermon". | ||
==The | ==The Sources of Shiqshiqiyya before Sayyid al-Radi== | ||
Given criticisms made of the [[first three Caliphs]], many [[Sunni]] scholars cast doubts over the reliability of the sermon. Moreover, some of them said that this sermon alone shows that the whole ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'' is unreliable.<ref>Ḥusaynī al-Khaṭīb, ''Maṣādir Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 336.</ref> | Given criticisms made of the [[first three Caliphs]], many [[Sunni]] scholars cast doubts over the reliability of the sermon. Moreover, some of them said that this sermon alone shows that the whole ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'' is unreliable.<ref>Ḥusaynī al-Khaṭīb, ''Maṣādir Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 336.</ref> | ||
According to [[Shiite]] scholars, the sermon can be found in some works before ''Nahj al-balagha'' and its sources of narration go back to Imam 'Ali (a) himself. In his ''[[al-Ghadir]]'', [['Allama Amini]] mentioned 28 chains of narrations for this sermon in none of which [[Sayyid al-Radi]] appears.<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 7, p. 109-115.</ref> In the book ''"Partowi az Nahj al-balagha"'' (a light from Nahj al-balagha), 22 chains of narrations have been mentioned for the sermon, | According to [[Shiite]] scholars, the sermon can be found in some works before ''Nahj al-balagha'' and its sources of narration go back to Imam 'Ali (a) himself. In his ''[[al-Ghadir]]'', [['Allama Amini]] mentioned 28 chains of narrations for this sermon in none of which [[Sayyid al-Radi]] appears.<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 7, p. 109-115.</ref> In the book ''"Partowi az Nahj al-balagha"'' (a light from Nahj al-balagha), 22 chains of narrations have been mentioned for the sermon, eight of which are from sources before Sayyid al-Radi, five from Sayyid Radi's contemporaries, and nine from sources after ''Nahj al-balagha'' or after the 5th/[[11th century]] from sources independent from ''Nahj al-balagha''.<ref>Ṭāliqānī, ''Partuwī az Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 128.</ref> | ||
* [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]], the Sunni [[Mu'tazili]] scholar (d. [[656]]/1258) says, after his exposition of the sermon, that he had seen the sermon in the work of [[Abu l-Qasim al-Balkhi]] and [[Ibn Qiba al-Razi|Abu Ja'far b. Qiba]] both of whom had died before the birth of Sayyid al-Radi.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 205.</ref> | * [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]], the Sunni [[Mu'tazili]] scholar (d. [[656]]/1258) says, after his exposition of the sermon, that he had seen the sermon in the work of [[Abu l-Qasim al-Balkhi]] and [[Ibn Qiba al-Razi|Abu Ja'far b. Qiba]] both of whom had died before the birth of Sayyid al-Radi.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 205.</ref> | ||
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* [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], who lived before Sayyid al-Radi, cited the Shiqshiqiyya sermon in his wok with a chain of narrators going back to Imam 'Ali (a); once in his ''[['Ilal al-shara'i']]''<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Ilal al-Sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 150.</ref> and once in his ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar]]''.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Maʿānī l-akhbār'', p. 361.</ref> | * [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], who lived before Sayyid al-Radi, cited the Shiqshiqiyya sermon in his wok with a chain of narrators going back to Imam 'Ali (a); once in his ''[['Ilal al-shara'i']]''<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Ilal al-Sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 150.</ref> and once in his ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar]]''.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Maʿānī l-akhbār'', p. 361.</ref> | ||
* [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. [[413]]/1022), Sayyid al-Radi's teacher, cited the sermon in his book, ''[[al-Irshad]]'', saying that some narrators had cited the sermon with different chains of narrations.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 287.</ref> In his essay, ''al-Mas'alatan fi l-nass 'ala 'Ali (a)'' (Arabic: | * [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. [[413]]/1022), Sayyid al-Radi's teacher, cited the sermon in his book, ''[[al-Irshad]]'', saying that some narrators had cited the sermon with different chains of narrations.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 287.</ref> In his essay, ''al-Mas'alatan fi l-nass 'ala 'Ali (a)'' (Arabic: {{ia| (المسألتان فی النص علی علی(ع}}); two problems about textual evidence for 'Ali (a)), he cited the sermon as a well-known one,<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Masʾalatān fī l-naṣ ʿalā ʿAlī'', p. 28.</ref> showing that there was no doubt about the reliability of the sermon in his time. In his book, ''[[al-Jamal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Mufid takes the sermon to be too famous to need an explanation.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Jumal'', p. 62.</ref> | ||
==Commentaries on the | ==Commentaries on the Sermon== | ||
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* An exegesis of the Shiqshiqiyya sermon in Arabic by [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] (d. [[436]]/1044-5)<ref>Ustādī, ''Kitābnāma-yi Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 21.</ref> published in the essays of al-Sayyid al-Murtada (vol. 2). | * An exegesis of the Shiqshiqiyya sermon in Arabic by [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] (d. [[436]]/1044-5)<ref>Ustādī, ''Kitābnāma-yi Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 21.</ref> published in the essays of al-Sayyid al-Murtada (vol. 2). | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Notes}} | {{Notes}} | ||