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Rafidi: Difference between revisions
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==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
Arabic verb "Rafada" (َ{{iarabic|رَفَض}}) means: to refuse, and Rafidi means the one who refuses his or her leader. | Arabic verb "Rafada" (َ{{iarabic|رَفَض}}) means: to refuse, and Rafidi means the one who refuses his or her leader.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 7, p. 157.</ref> | ||
[[Abu l-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (d. 330/942) believes Rafidi and [[Imamiyya|Imami]] are different titles for the same group that along other groups, constitutes [[Shi'a]]. he says: these people are called Rafidi, because they refused the leadership of [[Abu bakr]] and [['Umar]]. | [[Abu l-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (d. 330/942) believes Rafidi and [[Imamiyya|Imami]] are different titles for the same group that along other groups, constitutes [[Shi'a]]. he says: these people are called Rafidi, because they refused the leadership of [[Abu bakr]] and [['Umar]].<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Maqālāt al-islāmīyyīn'', p. 87.</ref> | ||
[[Ja'far Subhani]] believes that Rafidi is a political term and is used for those who oppose the government of the time. Since Shi'a , after demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] did not follow the first three caliphs called so. | [[Ja'far Subhani]] believes that Rafidi is a political term and is used for those who oppose the government of the time. Since Shi'a , after demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] did not follow the first three caliphs called so.<ref>Subḥānī, ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> | ||
===History=== | ===History=== | ||
According to some lexicologists, the word "Raifidi" is in fact a title given to a group of Shi'a. First, they were followers of [[Zayd b. 'Ali]], but they later left him when they saw that he prohibited them from cursing and criticizing companions and also the Two first Caliphs. This title was later used for anyone who considered it permissible to curse and criticize companions. This view has some ambiguities such as: | According to some lexicologists, the word "Raifidi" is in fact a title given to a group of Shi'a. First, they were followers of [[Zayd b. 'Ali]], but they later left him when they saw that he prohibited them from cursing and criticizing companions and also the Two first Caliphs. This title was later used for anyone who considered it permissible to curse and criticize companions.<ref>Fayyūmī, ''al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr'', p. 232.</ref> This view has some ambiguities such as: | ||
* the commonness of this term before the uprising of Zayd | * the commonness of this term before the uprising of Zayd | ||
* its existence in Shi’a hadiths | * its existence in Shi’a hadiths | ||
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==Commonality of the term before Zayd== | ==Commonality of the term before Zayd== | ||
===At the Time of Mu'awiya=== | ===At the Time of Mu'awiya=== | ||
In a letter to [['Amr 'As]], [[Mu'awiya]] called the companions of [[Marwan]] in opposing [[Imam Ali (a)]], "Rafida of Basra". From this report, it can be understood that whoever opposes the government, whether it be the government of truth or falsehood, he is called Rafida. Also, since Mu'awiya called his own followers Rafida, it can be concluded that it was a negative title that time. | In a letter to [['Amr 'As]], [[Mu'awiya]] called the companions of [[Marwan]] in opposing [[Imam Ali (a)]], "Rafida of Basra". From this report, it can be understood that whoever opposes the government, whether it be the government of truth or falsehood, he is called Rafida. Also, since Mu'awiya called his own followers Rafida, it can be concluded that it was a negative title that time.<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn'', p. 34; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 184.</ref> | ||
Ibn A'tham reported a letter from Mu'awiya to 'Amr 'As, in which Mu'awiya called the companions of Imam Ali (a) "Rafida of Basra". | Ibn A'tham reported a letter from Mu'awiya to 'Amr 'As, in which Mu'awiya called the companions of Imam Ali (a) "Rafida of Basra".<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 2, p. 510.</ref> | ||
===At the Time of Imam al-Baqir (a)=== | ===At the Time of Imam al-Baqir (a)=== | ||
In ''[[al-Mahasin]]'', [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]] mentioned two [[hadiths]], according to both, this term was common at the time of Imam al-Baqir (a), before the [[Uprising of Zayd]]. | In ''[[al-Mahasin]]'', [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]] mentioned two [[hadiths]], according to both, this term was common at the time of Imam al-Baqir (a), before the [[Uprising of Zayd]]. | ||
* [[Abu l-Jarud]] says: a man told [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]]: O the son of the [[the Prophet (s)|apostle of Allah]], people call us Rafidi. The Imam pointed to himself and said: | * [[Abu l-Jarud]] says: a man told [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]]: O the son of the [[the Prophet (s)|apostle of Allah]], people call us Rafidi. The Imam pointed to himself and said: | ||
:::"I am Rafidi too;" and he repeated it three times. | :::"I am Rafidi too;" and he repeated it three times.<ref>Barqī, ''Maḥāsin'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | ||
* [[Abu Basir]] says: I told Imam al-Baqir (a): may I be your sacrifice! by labeling us with a name the governors have legitimated all kinds of confiscation, prosecution and killing of us. The Imam said: which label? I said: Rafidi; the Imam said: | * [[Abu Basir]] says: I told Imam al-Baqir (a): may I be your sacrifice! by labeling us with a name the governors have legitimated all kinds of confiscation, prosecution and killing of us. The Imam said: which label? I said: Rafidi; the Imam said: | ||
:::"seventy persons refused the participation in the army of Pharaoh and joined Moses, in comparison to the rest of Israelites they had a firmer faith in Moses and they loved [[Aaron]] more than others did; so Moses called them Rafidi, then it was revealed to Moses: record them in [[Torah]] by the same title (Rafidi) as I have chosen this name for them." Then the Imam said: "Allah has given you the same name." | :::"seventy persons refused the participation in the army of Pharaoh and joined Moses, in comparison to the rest of Israelites they had a firmer faith in Moses and they loved [[Aaron]] more than others did; so Moses called them Rafidi, then it was revealed to Moses: record them in [[Torah]] by the same title (Rafidi) as I have chosen this name for them." Then the Imam said: "Allah has given you the same name."<ref>Barqī, ''Maḥāsin'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | ||
==Proud of being Rafidi== | ==Proud of being Rafidi== | ||
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:Upon hearing about this story of 'Ammar, Imam al-Sadiq (a) said: | :Upon hearing about this story of 'Ammar, Imam al-Sadiq (a) said: | ||
::: "If 'Ammar had sins greater than heavens and earth, they all would be forgiven because of this saying of his, and this saying will increase his reward to the point that each bit of his good deeds is a thousand times greater than the whole universe." | ::: "If 'Ammar had sins greater than heavens and earth, they all would be forgiven because of this saying of his, and this saying will increase his reward to the point that each bit of his good deeds is a thousand times greater than the whole universe."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 65, p. 156.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
* | {{ref}} | ||
*Ashʿarī, Abū l-Ḥasan al-. ''Maqālāt al-islāmīyyīn wa ikhtilāf al-muṣallīn''. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī l-dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Maktaba al-nihḍa al-miṣrīyya, 1369 AH. | |||
*Barqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Maḥāsin''. Edited by Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥaddith. Qom: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1371 Sh. | |||
*Fayyūmī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammd al-. ''Al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr''. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, [n.d]. | |||
*Ibn Aʿtham, Aḥmad. ''Al-Futūḥ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut: Dār al-aḍwāʾ, 1411 AH. | |||
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 2003. | |||
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Third edition. Beirut: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH. | |||
*Naṣr b. Muzāhim al-Minqarī. ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn''. Edited by Muḥammad Hārūn. Qom: Maktabat Āyatollāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH. | |||
*Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal''. Qom: Daftar-i Nashr-i Islāmī, 1420 AH. | |||
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | |||
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