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Rafidi: Difference between revisions
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The word '''Rāfiḍī''' (Arabic: {{iarabic| | The word '''Rāfiḍī''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|الرافضي}}, plural: Rafida, Rawafid), among Shi'as, refers to any of those who abandoned the army of [[Zayd b. 'Ali|Zayd b. 'Ali b. Husayn]] and left him alone. Some [[Sunni]] labeled all Shi'a as "Rafidi" because they refuse the [[caliphate]] of the first caliphs. Shi'as rely on some [[hadith]]s take the label as an honor. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
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[[Abu l-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (d. 330/942) believes Rafidi and [[Imamiyya|Imami]] are different titles for the same group that along other groups, constitutes [[Shi'a]]. he says: these people are called Rafidi, because they refused the leadership of [[Abu bakr]] and [['Umar]].<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Maqālāt al-islāmīyyīn'', p. 87.</ref> | [[Abu l-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (d. 330/942) believes Rafidi and [[Imamiyya|Imami]] are different titles for the same group that along other groups, constitutes [[Shi'a]]. he says: these people are called Rafidi, because they refused the leadership of [[Abu bakr]] and [['Umar]].<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Maqālāt al-islāmīyyīn'', p. 87.</ref> | ||
[[Ja'far Subhani]] believes that Rafidi is a political term and is used for those who oppose the government of the time. Since Shi'a , after demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] did not follow the first three caliphs called so.<ref>Subḥānī, ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> | [[Ja'far Subhani]] believes that Rafidi is a political term and is used for those who oppose the government of the time. Since Shi'a, after the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] did not follow the first three caliphs, they were called so.<ref>Subḥānī, ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> | ||
===History=== | ===History=== | ||
According to some lexicologists, the word "Raifidi" is in fact a title given to a group of Shi'a. First, they were followers of [[Zayd b. 'Ali]], but they later left him when they saw that he prohibited them from cursing and criticizing | According to some lexicologists, the word "Raifidi" is, in fact, a title given to a group of Shi'a. First, they were followers of [[Zayd b. 'Ali]], but they later left him when they saw that he prohibited them from cursing and criticizing the [[Companions]] and also the two first caliphs. This title was later used for anyone who considered it permissible to curse and criticize the Companions.<ref>Fayyūmī, ''al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr'', p. 232.</ref> This view has some ambiguities such as: | ||
* | * The commonness of this term before the uprising of Zayd | ||
* | * Its existence in Shi’a hadiths | ||
===At the Time of Mu'awiya=== | ===At the Time of Mu'awiya=== | ||
In a letter to [['Amr 'As]], [[Mu'awiya]] called the companions of [[Marwan]] in opposing [[Imam Ali (a)]], "Rafida of Basra". From this report, it can be understood that whoever opposes the government, whether it be the government of truth or falsehood, he is called Rafida. Also, since Mu'awiya called his own followers Rafida, it can be concluded that it was a negative title that time.<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn'', p. 34; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 184.</ref> | In a letter to [['Amr b. al-'As]], [[Mu'awiya]] called the companions of [[Marwan]] in opposing [[Imam Ali (a)]], "Rafida of Basra". From this report, it can be understood that whoever opposes the government, whether it be the government of truth or falsehood, he is called Rafida. Also, since Mu'awiya called his own followers Rafida, it can be concluded that it was not a negative title that time.<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn'', p. 34; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 184.</ref> | ||
Ibn A'tham reported a letter from Mu'awiya to 'Amr 'As, in which Mu'awiya called the companions of Imam Ali (a) "Rafida of Basra".<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 2, p. 510.</ref> | Ibn A'tham reported a letter from Mu'awiya to 'Amr b. al-'As, in which Mu'awiya called the companions of Imam Ali (a) "Rafida of Basra".<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 2, p. 510.</ref> | ||
===At the Time of Imam al-Baqir (a)=== | ===At the Time of Imam al-Baqir (a)=== | ||
In ''[[al-Mahasin]]'', [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]] mentioned two [[hadiths]], according to both, this term was common at the time of Imam al-Baqir (a), before the [[Uprising of Zayd]]. | In ''[[al-Mahasin]]'', [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]] mentioned two [[hadiths]], according to both, this term was common at the time of Imam al-Baqir (a), before the [[Uprising of Zayd]]. [[Abu l-Jarud]] says: a man told [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]]: O the son of the [[the Prophet (s)|apostle of Allah]], people call us Rafidi. The Imam pointed to himself and said, "I am Rafidi too" and he repeated it three times.<ref>Barqī, ''Maḥāsin'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> [[Abu Basir]] says, I told Imam al-Baqir (a): may I be your sacrifice! by labeling us with a name the governors have legitimated all kinds of confiscation, prosecution, and killing of us. The Imam said: which label? I said: Rafidi; the Imam said: "seventy persons refused the participation in the army of Pharaoh and joined Moses, in comparison to the rest of Israelites they had a firmer faith in Moses and they loved [[Aaron]] more than others did; so Moses called them Rafidi, then it was revealed to Moses: record them in [[Torah]] by the same title (Rafidi) as I have chosen this name for them." Then the Imam said: "Allah has given you the same name."<ref>Barqī, ''Maḥāsin'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | ||
==Pride in the Title== | |||
One day [['Ammar al-Duhni]] testified in the court of Ibn Abi Layla (the judge of [[Kufa]]) the judge said: O 'Ammar! We know you, you are a Rafidi, your testimony is not valid. You shall go. As he was shaking and crying, 'Ammar stood up to leave. Ibn Abi Layla said: 'Ammar! You are a knowledgeable man, if you are unhappy with this name, quit this sect and you shall be our brother. 'Ammar then said, "no, it is not as you think, my tears were for me and you, I cried for myself because you ascribed a credit to me I don't deserve, you called me a Rafidi, whereas [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] says: the first to be known by this title, were the [[magicians of Pharaoh]], once they realized the truth of [[Moses]]' divine miracle, they refused to obey the command and religion of [[Pharaoh]], they joined Moses and accepted all the hardship and torture. Then, Pharaoh called them Rafidis (those who refuse) because they had refused his religion. So Rafidi is the one refusing all that is unpleasant by God. But I cried for you; because you dared to take the best title as the worst label, so how are you going to reply when you are questioned by your Lord about such serious crime on the day of Judgment?" | |||
Upon hearing about this story of 'Ammar, Imam al-Sadiq (a) said, "If 'Ammar had sins greater than heavens and earth, they all would be forgiven because of this saying of his, and this saying will increase his reward to the point that each bit of his good deeds is a thousand times greater than the whole universe."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 65, p. 156.</ref> | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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*Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal''. Qom: Daftar-i Nashr-i Islāmī, 1420 AH. | *Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. ''Buḥūth fī l-milal wa l-niḥal''. Qom: Daftar-i Nashr-i Islāmī, 1420 AH. | ||
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | *Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | ||
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[[Category:Shia]] | [[Category:Shia]] | ||
[[Category:Shia-Sunni relations]] | [[Category:Shia-Sunni relations]] | ||
[[Category:Sectarianism]] | [[Category:Sectarianism]] | ||