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Wahn al-Din

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Wahn al-Dīn (Arabic: وهن الدین) or Wahn al-Madhhab (Arabic: وهن المذهب; meaning: weakening the religion or denomination) is a jurisprudential term referring to any speech or behavior that leads to the weakening of the status of religion or denomination, discrediting religious teachings, or loosening religious beliefs among people.[1] Jurisprudential books have not defined this term; however, some legal researchers have cited Qur'anic verses,[2] hadiths,[3] and intellectual proofs[4] to prove the prohibition of actions that cause Wahn al-Din.

In the fatwas of Marja's, "Wahn" sometimes refers to an action that leads to the weakening of Shi'a Islam in the view of other Islamic sects,[5] and sometimes to an action that makes Islam appear invalid or weak in the view of non-Muslims.[6] Therefore, the concept of Wahn al-Din is considered close to the rule of prohibition of alienation (Qāʿidat Ḥurmat al-Tanfīr), and in some cases, these two titles are used interchangeably.[7]

There are examples in the works of Shi'a jurists where jurisprudential rulings are examined based on Wahn al-Din or Wahn al-Madhhab. For instance, Ibn Idris al-Hilli (d. 598/1202) in the discussion of wiping in wudu considered the view that necessitates abandoning prayer, performing wudu without wiping, or performing Tayammum despite the presence of water in case of shortage of time as incorrect because it causes Wahn al-Din.[8] Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' (d. 1228/1813) believed that if Ahl al-Dhimma commit acts that cause the weakening of Islam, such as spying for the enemy, refusing to help Muslims in necessary circumstances, or creating sedition and discord, they are removed from the protection of the Islamic government.[9]

Also, Imam Khomeini (d. 1989) considered the sale of weapons to the enemies of Islam as an instance of Wahn al-Din.[10] Husayn Ali Montazeri (d. 1388/2009) considered assassination and explosive actions in the name of Islam in non-Muslim lands, even in the case of retaliation, as a cause of Wahn al-Islam and forbidden.[11] Furthermore, Imami jurists have stated that any behavior or method in mourning for the Imams (a) that entails Wahn al-Madhhab is not permissible.[12] According to jurists, in cases where abandoning Taqiyya causes Wahn al-Din, Taqiyya is obligatory,[13] and if Taqiyya itself causes Wahn al-Din, it is not permissible.[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ For the functions of this term, see: Khumaynī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 409; Khāminiʾī, Ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt, vol. 2, p. 60; Makārim Shīrāzī, al-Fatāwā al-jadīda, 1385 Sh, vol. 3, p. 155.
  2. ↑ Quran 6:108; Quran 3:159; Quran 33:30.
  3. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409 AH, vol. 17, pp. 84-85; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, 1413 AH, vol. 3, p. 565.
  4. ↑ See for example: Ḥusayn-yārī, "Imkān sanjī-yi ṣiḥḥat-i istinād bi wahn-i dīn dar taʿṭīl wa taghyīr-i aḥkām", pp. 17-23; Muḥammadiyān, "Wahn-i dīn wa madhhab; muṭālaʿa-ī dar bāb-i mustanadāt, maṣādīq wa dāmana-yi kārburd", pp. 246-249.
  5. ↑ See for example: Khumaynī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 409.
  6. ↑ See for example: Mufīd, al-Muqniʿa, 1413 AH, p. 781; Fāḍil al-Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, 1373 Sh, vol. 2, p. 342; Ibn Idrīs, al-Sarāʾir, 1410 AH, vol. 3, p. 457.
  7. ↑ Nawbahār, "Barrasī-yi qāʿida-yi fiqhī-yi ḥurmat-i tanfīr az dīn", p. 140.
  8. ↑ Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Ajwibat masāʾil wa rasāʾil, 1429 AH, p. 262.
  9. ↑ Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Kashf al-ghiṭāʾ, 1422 AH, vol. 4, p. 355.
  10. ↑ Khumaynī, al-Makāsib al-muḥarrama, vol. 1, p. 150.
  11. ↑ Muntaẓirī, Mujāzāt-hā-yi islāmī wa ḥuqūq-i bashar, 1429 AH, p. 92.
  12. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt, vol. 2, p. 60; Makārim Shīrāzī, al-Fatāwā al-jadīda, 1385 Sh, vol. 3, p. 155; Fāḍil Lankarānī, Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil, 1425 AH, p. 579; Tabrīzī, Ṣirāṭ al-najāt, 1436 AH, vol. 7, p. 270.
  13. ↑ Sayfī Māzandarānī, Mabānī al-fiqh al-faʿʿāl, 1425 AH, vol. 2, p. 102.
  14. ↑ Sharīʿat-madār Jazāyirī, "Taqiyya", p. 43.

References

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  • Fāḍil al-Miqdād, Miqdād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Kanz al-ʿirfān. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Bahbūdī. Tehran, Murtaḍawī, 1373 Sh.
  • Ḥusayn-yārī, Ḥasan. "Imkān sanjī-yi ṣiḥḥat-i istinād bi wahn-i dīn dar taʿṭīl wa taghyīr-i aḥkām". Faṣlnāma-yi muṭālaʿāt-i fiqh wa ḥuqūq-i islāmī. No. 36, Autumn 1403 Sh.
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