Jump to content

Draft:Fasiq

Add links
From wikishia

Fasiq (Arabic: الفاسِق) refers to an individual who disobeys God's commands and demonstrates an inclination toward sin.[1] Certain scholars, such as Hasan Mustafawi, a lexicographer of the Qur'an, define fisq (sinfulness or transgression) more broadly. In this view, it encompasses the abandonment of religious, rational, or natural mandates, as well as deviation from ethical principles through vices like envy, parsimony, pride, and greed.[2]

The Qur'an outlines various characteristics associated with a fasiq.[3] These include violating the covenant of monotheism, severing kinship ties and friendships, and spreading corruption on earth;[4] denying divine verses;[5] committing injustice;[6] defying God's instructions;[7] exhibiting arrogance;[8] and forgetting God, which consequently leads to a state of self-forgetfulness.[9]

According to the Shi'a Imamiyya tradition, a fasiq is not considered a disbeliever (kafir). Even if they commit major sins, they are not condemned to eternal punishment and remain eligible for divine intercession or forgiveness.[10] Conversely, a faction of the Khawarij known as the Wa'idiyya argue that committing major sins equates to disbelief (kufr), thereby condemning the perpetrator to eternal damnation.[11] The Murji'a oppose the Wa'idiyya perspective, asserting that a major sin does not inherently compromise one's faith and that the individual's ultimate fate is deferred to God's judgment in the hereafter.[12] Meanwhile, the Mu'tazila introduced the theological concept of "Manzila bayn al-manzilatayn" (a position between two positions). This theory posits that a fasiq is neither fully a believer nor fully a disbeliever, but occupies an intermediate state, and is thus subject to standard punishment.[13] However, the Mu'tazila maintain that once an individual enters Hellfire, there is no exit.[14] Despite these sectarian differences, scholars universally agree that if a fasiq sincerely repents, God will grant forgiveness and spare them from eternal punishment,[15] reflecting the Qur'anic verse: "O you who have faith! Repent to Allah with sincere repentance! Maybe your Lord will acquit you of your sins."[16]

In Shi'a Imamiyya theology, a fasiq is fundamentally disqualified from holding the position of Imamate. This is because a fasiq is inherently considered an unjust person (zalim),[17] and an unjust individual cannot assume the sacred role of Imamate.[18] In contrast, the majority of Ahl al-Sunna scholars contend that if a rightfully appointed leader subsequently becomes a fasiq through acts of injustice, such as the usurpation of property, he is not automatically deposed from the Imamate and retains his political legitimacy.[19]

Islamic jurisprudence prescribes specific rulings regarding a fasiq. For instance, backbiting against a fasiq who openly and notoriously commits sin (mutajahir bi-l-fisq) is not considered haram.[20] Furthermore, a fasiq's legal testimony is deemed inadmissible in court,[21] and their reports or news conveyances are not accepted at face value; independent investigation is required to verify their accuracy.[22] Additionally, a fasiq is strictly prohibited from serving as an Imam of congregational prayer.[23]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, 1414 AH, vol. 10, p. 308.
  2. ↑ Muṣṭafawī, al-Taḥqīq fī kalimāt al-Qurʾān al-karīm, 1368 Sh, vol. 9, p. 89.
  3. ↑ Makārim, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 1, pp. 153-155.
  4. ↑ Qur'an 2:27.
  5. ↑ Qur'an 6:49.
  6. ↑ Qur'an 7:165.
  7. ↑ Qur'an 18:50.
  8. ↑ Qur'an 46:20.
  9. ↑ Qur'an 59:19.
  10. ↑ ʿAllāma Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād, 1382 Sh, pp. 274-276; Subḥānī, Muḥāḍarāt fī l-ilāhīyyāt, 1428 AH, pp. 461-463.
  11. ↑ Shahristānī, al-Milal wa l-niḥal, 1364 Sh, vol. 1, p. 132.
  12. ↑ Shahristānī, al-Milal wa l-niḥal, 1364 Sh, vol. 1, p. 162.
  13. ↑ Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Sharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsa, 1422 AH, pp. 471-472.
  14. ↑ Subḥānī, Jaʿfar, Manshūr-i jāwīd, 1383 AH, vol. 5, p. 561.
  15. ↑ Subḥānī, Jaʿfar, Manshūr-i jāwīd, 1383 AH, vol. 5, p. 561.
  16. ↑ Qur'an 66:8.
  17. ↑ Qur'an 7:165.
  18. ↑ Qur'an 2:124; Collection of Authors, Imāmat-pizhūhī, 1381 Sh, p. 268.
  19. ↑ Bāqillānī, Tamhīd al-awāʾil, 1407 AH, p. 478.
  20. ↑ ʿAllāma Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 75, p. 261; Makārim, Akhlāq dar Qurʾān, 1377 Sh, vol. 3, p. 127.
  21. ↑ Shaykh Mufīd, al-Muqniʿa, 1413 AH, pp. 726-727.
  22. ↑ Qur'an 49:6.
  23. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Khilāf, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 471.

References

  • Ibn Manẓūr, Jamāl al-Dīn, Lisān al-ʿArab, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH.
  • Al-Farāhīdī, al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad, al-ʿAyn, n.p., n.d.
  • Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr, Tamhīd al-awāʾil fī talkhīṣ al-dalāʾil, Lebanon, Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1407 AH.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar, Muḥāḍarāt fī l-ilāhīyyāt, Qom, Muʾassasa-yi Imām Ṣādiq (a), 1428 AH.
  • Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Milal wa l-niḥal, Qom, al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1364 Sh.
  • Shaykh Mufīd, al-Muqniʿa, Qom, Kangara-yi Jahānī-yi Hazāra-yi Shaykh Mufīd, 1413 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, al-Khilāf, Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn, Qawāʿid al-ʿaqāʾid, Dār al-Ghurba, 1413 AH.
  • ʿAllāma Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād fī sharḥ tajrīd al-iʿtiqād, Theology section, Qom, Muʾassasa-yi Imām Ṣādiq (a), 1382 Sh.
  • ʿAllāma Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, Beirut, Muʾassasat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Sharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsa, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
  • Collection of Authors, Imāmat-pizhūhī (Study of the views of Imamiyya, Mu'tazila, and Ash'arites), Mashhad, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, 1381 Sh.
  • Makārim, Nāṣir, Tafsīr-i namūna, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Draft:Fasiq&oldid=206113"