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Tafākhur (Arabic: تَفاخُر) or Boasting denotes self-glorification,[1] mutual boasting,[2] or the ostentatious display of one's virtues to others.[3] Ethicists classify boasting as a form of arrogance;[4] consequently, the rationale for the condemnation of arrogance extends to boasting as well.[5]

According to Arabic lexicographers, the Qur'anic term "fakhr" signifies pride in wealth and status[6] as well as ostentation.[7] Qur'anic verses censure boasting, characterizing the individual who considers themselves superior to others as a "vain boaster" (khayyal).[8] The Holy Qur'an posits that those who possess patience and perform righteous deeds are exempt from this vice.[9] Furthermore, the text outlines the detrimental consequences of boasting, including the deprivation of Allah's love,[10] disbelief, Worldliness, ingratitude for blessings, stinginess, arrogance, pride, spiritual blindness,[11] and ultimate destruction.[12] Exegetical works identify various manifestations of this behavior, such as boasting about wealth,[13] ethnic pride,[14] population size,[15] ancestral lineage,[16] and the number of one's children.[17]

In Islamic tradition, boasting is characterized as a bane of religion.[18] Specifically, boasting intended to flaunt one's knowledge over others is deemed reprehensible and warrants punishment.[19] However, certain traditions identify contexts in which boasting is considered commendable. For instance, God expresses pride to His angels regarding those who provide food for others,[20] and similarly, the Prophet (s) will boast in the Hereafter regarding the magnitude of his Ummah.[21] In his Amali, Al-Shaykh al-Tusi narrates a Hadith stating that on the night of Laylat al-Mabit, Gabriel brought glad tidings to Imam Ali (a), revealing that God was boasting of him to the angels.[22] Traditions from the Holy Prophet (s) also indicate that Poverty is considered an honor (fakhr) in the Hereafter.[23] Additionally, on the Day of 'Arafa, God boasts regarding those present at 'Arafat.[24]

Researchers suggest that boasting typically stems from an internal sense of inferiority.[25] When individuals compare their lives to others, they may attempt to flaunt their possessions to compensate for perceived deficiencies.[26] The Qur'an[27] also identifies ignorance and self-conceit as underlying causes of boasting.[28] Other contributing factors include social status,[29] ingratitude for divine blessings, excessive power and wealth, ostentation, polytheism, and worldliness.[30]

Verses and traditions prescribe several remedies for boasting, including Ihsan to parents, kindness to relatives, orphans, the needy, neighbors, travelers, and slaves,[31] as well as the practice of Humility (tawadu').[32]

Notes

  1. ↑ Dehkhodā et al., Lughatnāma, under the word "tafākhur kardan", vol. 5, p. 6839.
  2. ↑ Mu'īn, Lughatnāma, 1386 Sh, under the word "tafākhur", vol. 1, p. 468.
  3. ↑ Narāqī, Mi'rāj al-Sa'āda, 1378 Sh, p. 304.
  4. ↑ Narāqī, Mi'rāj al-Sa'āda, 1378 Sh, p. 304; Imam Khomeini, Forty Hadith, 1380 Sh, p. 107; Shubbar, Akhlāq, 1374 Sh, p. 289.
  5. ↑ Narāqī, Mi'rāj al-Sa'āda, 1378 Sh, p. 304; Imam Khomeini, Forty Hadith, 1380 Sh, p. 107; Shubbar, Akhlāq, 1374 Sh, p. 289.
  6. ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, p. 627.
  7. ↑ Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-'Arab, 1414 AH, vol. 5, p. 49.
  8. ↑ Qur'an 4:36; Qur'an 31:18; Qur'an 57:23.
  9. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1385 Sh, vol. 8, p. 251.
  10. ↑ Qur'an 4:36.
  11. ↑ Salīmī, "Tafākhur; ghalaba-yi takhayyulāt-i vāhī", Kayhan Newspaper website.
  12. ↑ Balāghī, Ḥujjat al-Tafāsīr, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 154.
  13. ↑ Marāghī, Tafsīr al-Marāghī, Dār al-Fikr, vol. 20, p. 98.
  14. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Selected Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, 1382 Sh, vol. 1, p. 183.
  15. ↑ Allāma Tabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, Isma'iliyyan Publications, vol. 20, p. 350.
  16. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Selected Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, 1382 Sh, vol. 1, p. 183.
  17. ↑ Allāma Tabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, Isma'iliyyan Publications, vol. 20, p. 350.
  18. ↑ Shubbar, Akhlāq, 1374 Sh, p. 341.
  19. ↑ Kulaynī, Uṣūl al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 47.
  20. ↑ Daylamī, Irshād al-Qulūb, 1371 Sh, vol. 1, p. 137.
  21. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1367 Sh, vol. 5, p. 334.
  22. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Amālī, 1414 AH, p. 469.
  23. ↑ Daylamī, Irshād al-Qulūb, 1371 Sh, vol. 1, p. 194.
  24. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-Wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 8, p. 36.
  25. ↑ Salīmī, "Tafākhur; ghalaba-yi takhayyulāt-i vāhī", Kayhan Newspaper website.
  26. ↑ Salīmī, "Tafākhur; ghalaba-yi takhayyulāt-i vāhī", Kayhan Newspaper website.
  27. ↑ Qur'an 102:3-7.
  28. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1385 Sh, vol. 8, p. 249.
  29. ↑ Balāghī, Ḥujjat al-Tafāsīr, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 153.
  30. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1385 Sh, vol. 8, p. 247-249.
  31. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1385 Sh, vol. 8, p. 250.
  32. ↑ Shubbar, Akhlāq, 1374 Sh, p. 167.

References

  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram, Lisān al-'Arab, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 3rd ed., 1414 AH.
  • Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh, Sharḥ-i Chihil Ḥadīth, Qom, Institute for Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works, 24th ed., 1380 Sh.
  • Balāghī, Sayyid 'Abd al-Ḥujja, Ḥujjat al-Tafāsīr wa Balāgh al-Iksīr, Qom, Ḥikmat, 1st ed., 1386 Sh.
  • Dehkhodā, 'Alī Akbar, Lughatnāma, Tehran, University of Tehran Press, 1st ed., 1373 Sh.
  • Daylamī, Ḥasan b. Muḥammad, Irshād al-Qulūb, Qom, Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1371 Sh.
  • Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, Damascus, Dār al-Qalam, 1st ed., 1412 AH.
  • Salīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā, "Tafākhur; ghalaba-yi takhayyulāt-i vāhī", Kayhan Newspaper website, Date of insertion: 30 Tir 1396, Date of visit: 3 Ordibehesht 1398 Sh.
  • Shubbar, 'Abd Allāh, Akhlāq, Qom, Hijrat, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Allāma Tabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, Qom, Isma'iliyyan Publications, 5th ed., 1371 Sh.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, al-Amālī, Qom, Dār al-Thaqāfa lil-Ṭibā'a, 1414 AH.
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Ya'qūb, Uṣūl al-Kāfī, Tehran, Islamic Publications, 3rd ed., 1367 Sh.
  • Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣṭafā, Tafsīr al-Marāghī, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
  • Mu'īn, Muḥammad, Lughatnāma, Tehran, Adenā, 4th ed., 1386 Sh.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir et al., Selected Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 13th ed., 1382 Sh.
  • Narāqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Mahdī, Mi'rāj al-Sa'āda, Qom, Hijrat, 1378 Sh.
  • Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, 'Alī Akbar et al., Farhang-i Qurʾān, Qom, Būstān-i Kitāb, 1st ed., 1385 Sh.
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