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Draft:Verse 22 of Sura al-Nur

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Verse 22 of Sura al-Nur
Verse's Information
NameVerse 22 of Sura al-Nur
SuraSura al-Nur (24)
Verse22
Juz'18
Content Information
Cause of
Revelation		Ifk
Place of
Revelation		Medina
AboutForgiving others and supporting relatives, the needy, and emigrants in the way of God.


Qur'an 24:22 exhorts believers to persist in virtuous acts and extending aid to others,[1] while emphasizing the virtues of pardon (ʿafw) and forgiveness.[2] Muhammad Taqi al-Modarresi, a Shi'a exegete, interprets ʿafw as the renunciation of punishment, whereas he defines Safh as a form of forgiveness that leads to the restoration of relational bonds and family ties.[3] Other scholars distinguish the terms by defining ʿafw as the forgiveness of the sin itself, and ṣafḥ as the abandonment of vengeance.[4]

Drawing upon this verse, some exegetes argue that the wealthy bear a responsibility toward the deprived.[5] The verse mandates assistance to relatives, the poor, and emigrants who migrated from their homelands for the sake of God and lack the means of subsistence in their new environment.[6] Exegetes have offered varying interpretations of the term ulū l-faḍl ("possessors of grace"); some understand it as referring to those endowed with religious grace and guidance[7] or simply believers,[8] while others maintain it denotes the wealthy.[9] Additionally, this verse is cited regarding the merit of Sadaqa (charity).[10]

Commentators assert that the rhetorical question, "Do you not love that Allah should forgive you?" instructs Muslims that seeking divine forgiveness necessitates overlooking the faults of others.[11] In his testament prior to martyrdom, Imam 'Ali (a) also counseled pardon, citing the concluding portion of this verse.[12]

Following the Event of Ifk, a group of Sahaba (companions) swore an oath (Qasam) to cease providing aid to those implicated in slandering the Prophet's wife. Verse 22 of Sura al-Nur was subsequently revealed, prohibiting this withholding of aid and commanding pardon.[13] In Sunni sources[14] and certain Shi'a exegeses,[15] the occasion of revelation is attributed to Abu Bakr. It is reported that he swore to discontinue support for Mistah b. Uthatha—a poor relative and emigrant—due to Mistah's involvement in the Ifk incident. The revelation of this verse reportedly admonished him against this course of action. Nevertheless, exegetes emphasize that the verse establishes a general prohibition addressing all Muslims[16] to avoid emotional decision-making and the severance of aid to relatives and the needy.[17] Scholars also posit that the verse aims to bolster the unity of the Islamic Ummah in the aftermath of the Ifk affair.[18]

The Sunni exegete Fakhr al-Razi claims a consensus among scholars that this verse was revealed concerning Abu Bakr,[19] viewing it as a testament to his virtue, particularly in light of the phrase ulū l-faḍl min-kum ("the possessors of grace among you").[20] This perspective, however, has faced criticism. Detractors note that the verse employs plural pronouns, suggesting that a group of Muslims—rather than a single individual—had resolved to withhold assistance.[21] Furthermore, the attribution of this occasion of revelation to Abu Bakr is not narrated directly from the Prophet; rather, it relies on reports from narrators such as Kalbi, Muqatil, and Dahhak, whose reliability is contested.[22] Moreover, critics argue that even if this occasion of revelation were accepted, the verse does not inherently imply Abu Bakr's superiority and appears inconsistent with certain actions attributed to him, particularly following the Demise of the Prophet (s).[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ Faḍl Allāh, Tafsir min waḥy al-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 16, p. 272.
  2. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-bayan, 1372 Sh, vol. 7, p. 211.
  3. ↑ Mudarrisī, Min huda l-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 8, p. 284.
  4. ↑ Ḥusaynī Shāh-'Abd al-'Aẓīmī, Tafsir-i ithna 'ashari, 1363 Sh, vol. 9, p. 216.
  5. ↑ Qarā'atī, Tafsir-i nur, 1383 Sh, vol. 8, p. 165.
  6. ↑ Faḍl Allāh, Tafsir min waḥy al-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 16, p. 272.
  7. ↑ Mudarrisī, Min huda l-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 8, p. 284.
  8. ↑ Faḍl Allāh, Tafsir min waḥy al-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 16, p. 272.
  9. ↑ Fayḍ Kāshānī, al-Tafsir al-ṣāfī, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 426.
  10. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 93, p. 111.
  11. ↑ Māzandarānī, Sharḥ al-Kāfī, 1382 AH, vol. 6, p. 142; Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, Tabyīn al-Qur'an, 1423 AH, p. 364.
  12. ↑ Sayyid Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, 1414 AH, p. 378.
  13. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1374 Sh, vol. 14, p. 414.
  14. ↑ Rāzī, Fakhr al-, Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, 1420 AH, vol. 23, p. 348; Sayyid Quṭb, Fī ẓilāl al-Qur'an, 1412 AH, vol. 4, p. 2504.
  15. ↑ Mughniyya, al-Tafsir al-kāshif, 1424 AH, vol. 5, p. 409.
  16. ↑ Shaykh Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, Beirut, vol. 7, p. 421.
  17. ↑ Shaykh Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, Beirut, vol. 7, p. 421.
  18. ↑ Mudarrisī, Min huda l-Qur'an, 1419 AH, vol. 8, p. 285.
  19. ↑ Rāzī, Fakhr al-, Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, 1420 AH, vol. 23, p. 349.
  20. ↑ Rāzī, Fakhr al-, Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, 1420 AH, vol. 23, p. 349.
  21. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1374 Sh, vol. 14, p. 414.
  22. ↑ Shaykh Mufīd, al-Ifṣāḥ fī l-imāma, 1413 AH, p. 176.
  23. ↑ Shaykh Mufīd, al-Ifṣāḥ fī l-imāma, 1413 AH, p. 177.

References

  • Faḍl Allāh, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tafsir min waḥy al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Malāk, 2nd ed., 1419 AH.
  • Fayḍ Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. al-Tafsir al-ṣāfī. Ed. Ḥusayn Aʿlamī. Tehran, al-Ṣadr, 2nd ed., 1415 AH.
  • Ḥusaynī Shāh-ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīmī, Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad. Tafsir-i ithnā ʿasharī. Tehran, Mīqāt, 1st ed., 1363 Sh.
  • Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, Sayyid Muḥammad. Tabyīn al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-ʿUlūm, 2nd ed., 1423 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2nd ed., 1403 AH.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsir-i Nemuneh. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Māzandarānī, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ b. Aḥmad. Sharḥ al-Kāfī (al-Uṣūl wa l-rawḍa). Ed. Abū l-Ḥasan Shaʿrānī. Tehran, al-Maktaba al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1382 AH.
  • Mudarrisī, Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī. Min hudā l-Qurʾān. Tehran, Dār Muḥibbī al-Ḥusayn, 1st ed., 1419 AH.
  • Mughniyya, Muḥammad Jawād. al-Tafsir al-kāshif. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1424 AH.
  • Qarāʾatī, Muḥsin. Tafsir-i nūr. Tehran, Markaz-i Farhangī-yi Dars-hāyī az Qurʾān, 11th ed., 1383 Sh.
  • Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar Fakhr al-. Mafātīḥ al-ghayb. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 3rd ed., 1420 AH.
  • Sayyid Quṭb, Ibrāhīm Ḥusayn. Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān. Beirut & Cairo, Dār al-Shurūq, 17th ed., 1412 AH.
  • Sayyid Raḍī, Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. Nahj al-balāgha. Ed. Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Qom, Hijrat, 1st ed., 1414 AH.
  • Shaykh Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. al-Ifṣāḥ fī l-imāma. Qom, Kungira-yi Shaykh Mufīd, 1st ed., 1413 AH.
  • Shaykh Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. al-Tibyān fī tafsir al-Qurʾān. Intro. Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī. Ed. Aḥmad Qaṣīr ʿĀmilī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī tafsir al-Qurʾān. Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsir al-Qurʾān. Intro. Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh.
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