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Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr: Difference between revisions
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'''Al-Sayyid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr''' (Arabic: {{ia|سید محمد بن محمدصادق الصدر}}) (b. [[1362]]/1943 d. [[1419]]/1999) was a [[Shiite]] authority in [[Iraq]] in the 14th/ | '''Al-Sayyid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr''' (Arabic: {{ia|سید محمد بن محمدصادق الصدر}}) (b. [[1362]]/1943 - d. [[1419]]/1999) was a [[Shiite]] authority in [[Iraq]] in the 14th/20th century. He was an opponent of [[Saddam]]'s government. | ||
Al-Sadr was an active clergy; he was a political and social activist in [[Iraq]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned by the Ba'ath regime in Iraq. His activities included the holding of [[Friday Prayer]]s, foundation of [[Islam]]ic courts, revival of mourning ceremonies for the [[Imams (a)]], and processions to [[Karbala]] on [[Sha'ban 15]]. | Al-Sadr was an active clergy; he was a political and social activist in [[Iraq]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned by the Ba'ath regime in Iraq. His activities included the holding of [[Friday Prayer]]s, foundation of [[Islam]]ic courts, revival of mourning ceremonies for the [[Imams (a)]], and processions to [[Karbala]] on [[Sha'ban 15]]. | ||
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==Family== | ==Family== | ||
Sayyid Muhammad Sadr was from the Sadr family whose lineage goes back to [[Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr]], and through him, to [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)]]. Prominent figures of this family include Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, [[Imam Musa al-Sadr]], Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, and [['Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-'Amili]]. | Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr was from the Sadr family whose lineage goes back to [[Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr]], and through him, to [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)]]. Prominent figures of this family include Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, [[Imam Musa al-Sadr]], [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], and [['Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-'Amili]]. | ||
Sayyid Muhammad's father, [[Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr]] was a Shiite clergy. His maternal grandfather was [[Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin]]. Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was his cousin. | Al-Sayyid Muhammad's father, [[Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr]] was a Shiite clergy. His maternal grandfather was [[Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin]]. Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was his cousin. | ||
Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr married the daughter of his father's brother, and they had 2 daughters and 4 sons. All of his sons were clergymen, and 3 of his sons were Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's sons in laws. Two of his sons, Mustafa and Mu'ammal, were martyred together with their father in 1377/1999. [[Muqtada al-Sadr]], the leader of [[Jaysh al-Mahdi]] in Iraq, and Murtada are his two other sons. | Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr married the daughter of his father's brother, and they had 2 daughters and 4 sons. All of his sons were clergymen, and 3 of his sons were Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's sons in laws. Two of his sons, Mustafa and Mu'ammal, were martyred together with their father in 1377/1999. [[Muqtada al-Sadr]], the leader of [[Jaysh al-Mahdi]] in Iraq, and Murtada are his two other sons. | ||
==Birth and Martyrdom== | ==Birth and Martyrdom== | ||
Sayyid Muhammad Sadr was born on [[Rabi' | Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], 1362/March 24, 1943. It is said that his mother could not get pregnant at first. She [[nadhr|vowed]] to call her son "Muhammad" if she had a son. The similarity of his name (Muhammad) with his father's (Muhammad Sadiq) led to him being sometimes called "Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr". | ||
Sayyid Muhammad Sadr was assassinated and martyred at the evening of Friday, [[Dhu l-Qa'da 3]], 1419/February 19, 1999. | Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr was assassinated and martyred at the evening of Friday, [[Dhu l-Qa'da 3]], 1419/February 19, 1999. | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr began his studies with his grandfather, Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin and his father. He wore the formal dressing of Shiite clergies at the age of 11. He studied the preliminaries with his father, and then with Sayyid Talib Rufa'i and Shaykh Hasan al-Tard al-'Amili. He studied the rest of the preliminaries with [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Hakim]] and [[Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Irawani]]. | Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr began his studies with his grandfather, Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin and his father. He wore the formal dressing of Shiite clergies at the age of 11. He studied the preliminaries with his father, and then with Sayyid Talib Rufa'i and Shaykh Hasan al-Tard al-'Amili. He studied the rest of the preliminaries with [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Hakim]] and [[Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Irawani]]. | ||
He attended the College of Fiqh at the age of 14, and in addition to Islamic disciplines, he studied English, sociology, psychology, and history. In 1379/1959, he started to learn fiqh. He studied philosophy with | He attended the College of Fiqh at the age of 14, and in addition to Islamic disciplines, he studied English, sociology, psychology, and history. In 1379/1959, he started to learn fiqh. He studied philosophy with al-Shaykh [[Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar]], [[usul al-fiqh]] and [[comparative fiqh]] with Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Hakim, and fiqh with Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Irawani. Sayyid Muhammad Sadr also studied general fiqh with [[Shaykh Mahdi Muzaffar]], English with Sayyid 'Abd al-Wahhab Karbala'i, psychology with Dr. Hatam Ka'bi, and history with Dr. Fadil Husayn. He was graduated from the College of Fiqh at the age of 19. | ||
He studied advanced courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with teachers of the Shiite seminary school of [[Najaf]], such as Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr and [[Shaykh Sadra Badkubi'i]]. He also studied [[kharij]] courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with [[Ayatollah Khu'i]], [[Imam Khomeini]], Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr, and [[Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]]. He wrote down the lectures of his teachers. | He studied advanced courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with teachers of the Shiite seminary school of [[Najaf]], such as Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr and [[Shaykh Sadra Badkubi'i]]. He also studied [[kharij]] courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with [[Ayatollah Khu'i]], [[Imam Khomeini]], Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr, and [[Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]]. He wrote down the lectures of his teachers. | ||
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* Holding Friday Prayers: he appointed Friday Prayer leaders in different areas. | * Holding Friday Prayers: he appointed Friday Prayer leaders in different areas. | ||
* Reviving mourning ceremonies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and other [[Shiite Imams (a)]] after they were forbidden by Saddam's Ba'ath regime. He recited elegies at the [[martyrdom]] anniversary of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]] on the [[minbar]] of the [[Kufa Mosque]]. | * Reviving mourning ceremonies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and other [[Imams (a)|Shiite Imams (a)]] after they were forbidden by Saddam's Ba'ath regime. He recited elegies at the [[martyrdom]] anniversary of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]] on the [[minbar]] of the [[Kufa Mosque]]. | ||
* Processions from different areas of Iraq towards [[Karbala]] on Sha'ban 15. | * Processions from different areas of Iraq towards [[Karbala]] on [[Sha'ban 15]]. | ||
* Founding Islamic courts and pursuing an Islamic government: he formed Islamic courts, against governmental courts, adjudicating on the basis of sharia. | * Founding Islamic courts and pursuing an Islamic government: he formed Islamic courts, against governmental courts, adjudicating on the basis of sharia. | ||
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==Relationships with the Ba'ath Government== | ==Relationships with the Ba'ath Government== | ||
Sadr was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned by the Ba'ath government of Iraq. He was first imprisoned in | Al-Sadr was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned by the Ba'ath government of Iraq. He was first imprisoned in 1972. In 1974, he was imprisoned for the second time together with 150 students of al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and members of [[Hizb al-Da'wa al-Islamiyya]] (Islamic Da'wa Party). In 1991, after [[al-Intifada al-Sha'baniyya]], he was imprisoned because of his cultural activities and speeches against the Ba'ath government together with 106 other people. However, after the events of 1991, the Ba'ath government of Iraq introduced him as the official authority of Iraqi Shi'as and appointed him as the administrator of the Shiite [[Seminary of Najaf]]. When he accepted the Shiite authority, he was criticized by many people who accused him of having relations with the Ba'ath government. Some others maintain that he turned the military movement of [[Intifada]] into a reformist movement in Iraq, which was encouraged by [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah]] and welcomed by Saddam's regime. | ||
In the second half of 1999, Ayatollah al-Sadr's attitude changed and he started criticizing the Ba'ath government. He harshly criticized the regime in his sermons at Friday Prayers. He attended Friday Prayers with shrouds, refused to pray for Saddam in his sermons, and tried to revive some Shiite ceremonies on Sha'ban 15. | In the second half of 1999, Ayatollah al-Sadr's attitude changed and he started criticizing the Ba'ath government. He harshly criticized the regime in his sermons at Friday Prayers. He attended Friday Prayers with shrouds, refused to pray for Saddam in his sermons, and tried to revive some Shiite ceremonies on Sha'ban 15. | ||
==Thoughts== | ==Thoughts== | ||
Sadr sought to pursue the movement which had started by Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr in order to establish an Islamic government. He believed that Islam commanded everyone to establish an Islamic government in every Islamic community. | Al-Sadr sought to pursue the movement which had started by al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in order to establish an Islamic government. He believed that Islam commanded everyone to establish an Islamic government in every Islamic community. | ||
Although the Ba'ath government made it mandatory to pray for Saddam in the [[qunut]] of Friday Prayers, Sayyid Muhammad Sadr did not pray for him and issued the [[fatwa]] that it is not permissible to pray for people other than the [[Infallibles (a)]] in [[ | Although the Ba'ath government made it mandatory to pray for Saddam in the [[qunut]] of Friday Prayers, al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr did not pray for him and issued the [[fatwa]] that it is not permissible to pray for people other than the [[Infallibles (a)]] in [[prayer]]s. | ||
==Work== | ==Work== | ||
Most of al-Sadr's writings and lecture notes are concerned with fiqh and usul al-fiqh. He has an eclectic approach to fiqh. On the one hand, his fiqh is traditional, and on the other hand, it is directed at the needs of contemporary human beings. Sadr has written work regarding [[demonstrative fiqh]] as well as fatwas, and has written commentaries on his own earlier work in fiqh. | Most of al-Sadr's writings and lecture notes are concerned with fiqh and usul al-fiqh. He has an eclectic approach to fiqh. On the one hand, his fiqh is traditional, and on the other hand, it is directed at the needs of contemporary human beings. Al-Sadr has written work regarding [[demonstrative fiqh]] as well as fatwas, and has written commentaries on his own earlier work in fiqh. | ||
Some of al-Sadr's works are notes from his teachers' lectures concerning fiqh and usul al-fiqh or notes written by his students from his own lectures or | Some of al-Sadr's works are notes from his teachers' lectures concerning fiqh and usul al-fiqh or notes written by his students from his own lectures or works written by himself. Some of his works are his lecture notes edited by researchers of "Mu'assisa al-Muntazar li Ihya' Athar Al al-Sadr" in [[Qom]]. Here are some of his works: | ||
* ''Mawsu'a al-Imam al-Mahdi'': a four-volume work concerning [[Mahdawiyya]]. | * ''Mawsu'a al-Imam al-Mahdi'': a four-volume work concerning [[Mahdawiyya]]. | ||
* '' | * ''Minnat al-munan'': a five-volume exegesis of the 30th [[juz']] of the [[Qur'an]] beginning from [[Sura al-Nas]]. It consists in notes from lectures of al-Sadr concerning the exegesis given on Thursdays, Fridays, and other holidays. According to the author, the exegesis is written for intellectuals, academicians, and scholars of Islamic seminaries. | ||
* ''Ma wara' al-fiqh'': in this collection, Sadr has provided whatever a [[faqih]] needs in what is "beyond fiqh" (ma wara' al-faqih) in 15 volumes. | * ''Ma wara' al-fiqh'': in this collection, al-Sadr has provided whatever a [[faqih]] needs in what is "beyond fiqh" (ma wara' al-faqih) in 15 volumes. | ||
* ''Fiqh al-akhlaq'': in this work, Sadr discussed the relation between fiqh and ethics in two volumes. He sought to show that life based on | * ''Fiqh al-akhlaq'': in this work, al-Sadr discussed the relation between fiqh and ethics in two volumes. He sought to show that life based on shari'a is not detached from moral life; a Muslim is obliged to observe moral obligations and prohibitions. | ||
* ''Adwa' 'ala thawrat al-Husayn (a)'': in this book, Sadr made prescriptions to orators, preachers, and reciters of the elegies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] with respect to the citations of the events of [[Ashura]]. The book has been translated into Persian as ''Partuwhayi bar inqilab-i Husayn (a)'' (Lights on the revolution of Husayn (a)). | * ''Adwa' 'ala thawrat al-Husayn (a)'': in this book, al-Sadr made prescriptions to orators, preachers, and reciters of the elegies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] with respect to the citations of the events of [['Ashura]]. The book has been translated into Persian as ''Partuwhayi bar inqilab-i Husayn (a)'' (Lights on the revolution of Husayn (a)). | ||
===Digital Version of his Works== | ===Digital Version of his Works== | ||
[[Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences]] has provided a software version of the | [[Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences]] has provided a software version of the works of al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr under "The Heritage of Ayatollah al-'Uzma al-Sayyid al-Shahid Muhammad al-Sadr" at the request of Mu'assisa al-Muntazar li Ihua' Turath Al al-Sadr (al-Muntazar Institute for the Revival of the Heritage of al-Sadr Family). The software contains the full texts of 62 books in 98 volumes by Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr in Arabic, Persian, and English regarding the exegesis of the Quran and Quranic sciences, ethics, principles of beliefs, Mahdawiyya, history, rulings of sharia, usul al-fiqh, fiqh, law, family, poetry, and physics. It also contains audio files of al-Sadr's lectures and speeches. | ||
==Moral Characteristics== | ==Moral Characteristics== | ||
Sadr never allowed anyone to kiss his hand or to recite [[salawat]] when he entered a place. He practiced the purification of his soul, spiritual journey, and [[Night Prayer]]. | Al-Sadr never allowed anyone to kiss his hand or to recite [[salawat]] when he entered a place. He practiced the purification of his soul, spiritual journey, and [[Night Prayer]]. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||