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Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions
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In [[16]]/637-8 (or [[17]]/638-9),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar b. al-Khattab set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | In [[16]]/637-8 (or [[17]]/638-9),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar b. al-Khattab set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | ||
In [[17]]/ | In [[17]]/638-9, Umar b. al-Khattab led a military expedition to conquer Jerusalem and announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 2519-2520.</ref> In the same year,<ref>Nuwayrī, ''Nahāyat al-arab'', vol. 19, p. 347.</ref> after insistence and threatening, Umar married [[Umm Kulthum bt. al-Imam 'Ali (a)|Umm Kulthum]] the daughter of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 5, p. 346; Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 8, p. 161; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 189.</ref> It is reported that Umar announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina in [[18]]/639-40 as well, when he decided to travel to [[Syria]].<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 513.</ref> | ||
When Umar was assassinated in [[23]]/[[644 CE|644]] and before his death,<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 540.</ref> he appointed a [[Six-Member Council|council of six members]], including Imam Ali (a), to choose the next caliph.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 344.</ref> Umar also granted [[Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]] a decisive vote in the council. Abd al-Rahman first asked Imam Ali (a) whether he was ready to accept the caliphate with the condition of acting according to the Qur'an and according to the conduct of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, and Umar. The Imam (a) refused to accept the condition of acting according to the conduct of the first two caliphs and said, "I hope I will act according to the book of God and the conduct of the Prophet to the extent of my knowledge, capacity, and ijtihad."<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 3, p. 71.</ref> Abd al-Rahman then asked Uthman the same question; Uthman accepted the condition, and thus became the next caliph after Umar.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 44-46; Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> | When Umar was assassinated in [[23]]/[[644 CE|644]] and before his death,<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 540.</ref> he appointed a [[Six-Member Council|council of six members]], including Imam Ali (a), to choose the next caliph.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 344.</ref> Umar also granted [[Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]] a decisive vote in the council. Abd al-Rahman first asked Imam Ali (a) whether he was ready to accept the caliphate with the condition of acting according to the Qur'an and according to the conduct of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, and Umar. The Imam (a) refused to accept the condition of acting according to the conduct of the first two caliphs and said, "I hope I will act according to the book of God and the conduct of the Prophet to the extent of my knowledge, capacity, and ijtihad."<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 3, p. 71.</ref> Abd al-Rahman then asked Uthman the same question; Uthman accepted the condition, and thus became the next caliph after Umar.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 44-46; Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> | ||
Ibn Jawzi reports that Ali (a) continued to be a judge in [[24]]/ | Ibn Jawzi reports that Ali (a) continued to be a judge in [[24]]/644-5.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 146.</ref> In [[25]]/645-6, Uthman commanded that the copies of the [[collection of the Qur'an|Qur'an be collected]] and unified, for which decision, according to [[al-Suyuti]], he consulted Ali (a).<ref>Maʿrifat, ''al-Tamhīd'', vol. 1, p. 338-341.</ref> In [[26]]/[[647 CE|647]], Ali's (a) fifth son, [[al-'Abbas (a)]], was born.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 7, p. 429.</ref> | ||
In [[35]]/[[656 CE|656]], public dissatisfaction with Uthman's conduct reached its peak, and a group of people besieged his house.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p. 61.</ref> Prior to this incident, Imam Ali (a) had reportedly left Medina to [[Yanbu']] per Uthman's request.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 773.</ref> However, the Imam (a) asked al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) to protect the caliph.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 57-58, 64.</ref> Notwithstanding, the rebels murdered Uthman, and afterward, the people gathered around Imam Ali (a), urging him to accept the caliphate.<ref>Ibn Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn'', p. 271.</ref> | In [[35]]/[[656 CE|656]], public dissatisfaction with Uthman's conduct reached its peak, and a group of people besieged his house.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p. 61.</ref> Prior to this incident, Imam Ali (a) had reportedly left Medina to [[Yanbu']] per Uthman's request.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 773.</ref> However, the Imam (a) asked al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) to protect the caliph.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 57-58, 64.</ref> Notwithstanding, the rebels murdered Uthman, and afterward, the people gathered around Imam Ali (a), urging him to accept the caliphate.<ref>Ibn Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat ṣiffīn'', p. 271.</ref> | ||