Ashab al-Ukhdud

Aṣḥāb al-Ukhdūd (Arabic: أصحاب الأخدود, literally: People of the Ditch) were believers who were thrown into fiery ditches because of believing in God. However, some exegetes believe that People of the Ditch were actually those disbelievers who threw believers in the ditches. People of the Ditch are mentioned in the Qur'an in Sura al-Buruj, verses 4–8. Exegetes believe the purpose of revelation of these verses was to condemn disbelievers and praise and admire resistance of believers.

Also, reports on the People of the Ditch are stated in Christian sources, and the purpose was to commemorate martyrs and intensify religious feelings of Christians against the Jews.

There are disagreements on the identity of the tribe who suffered in the incident as well as the time of the event. The most famous report is about Dhu Nuwas, the last Himyaritic King in Yemen who burnt a number of people of Najran because they converted to Christianity.

Designation

The term Ukhdud means deep in the ground or a trench. In other words Ukhdud refers to the ditches which believers were put in and they were set afire because of having faith. Those believers who were killed in this way were called Ashab al-Ukhdud (People of the Ditch); however, some believe that Ashab al-Ukhdud actually refers to those disbelievers who tortured believers.

The majority of exegetist believe the term "Qutila" in the 4th verse of Sura al-Buruj, "Qutila Ashab al-Ukhdud," is in simple present form which gives information about the act of killing Ashab al-Ukhdud who are believers or disbelievers. Because some believe when disbelievers put believers in the ditch, God saved them and instead the fire spread and killed the disbelievers who were watching. Also, some other exegetists believed "Qutila" meant curse, which means "curse on Ashab al-Ukhdud", like the other verse "Qutila al-Insan ma akfara" which states that those who kill are disbelievers.

The Incident

A group of disbelievers dug a ditch and filled it with fire, then they told believers to abandon their religion or they had to throw themselves in fire. Believers threw themselves in fire then it was a woman's turn who had a one month old baby in her arms. She wanted to go through the fire but she also wanted to save the baby's life, suddenly the baby started talking and said to her mother to enter the fire together, and she went through fire with her baby.

The number of killed believers were stated differently in Islamic sources, they mentioned 7, 10, 77, and 80 perished people, while the majority of narrations stated that 20 thousand people were killed in that incident; besides, some sources mentioned their number even higher.

Time and Tribe

There are disagreements among exegetists and historians on the time and the tribe who suffered the incident and there are questions on whether it happened only one time or it was series of events. The most famous report is about Dhu Nuwas the last Jewish King of Himyarite in Yemen.

It is mentioned in Islamic sources that the event of the People of the Ditch took place in the time of Dhu Nuwas the last Jewish King of Himyarite in Yemen. They said he was a fierce enemy of Christians of Najran and he attacked them and killed believers. However, a few number of narrations stated that the event of the People of the Ditch was related to other tribes as well. According to a quotation from Ibn 'Abbas, the People of the Ditch were Banu Isra'il who were probably treated like the supporters of Daniel. Ibn Kathir also stated that Nebuchadnezzar II ordered people of Babylon to worship idols. Only Daniel and two of his supporters disobeyed and the King ordered to put them in fire, but when they were thrown in fire, it became peaceful to them. In another narration, it is said that the killer of the People of the Ditch was a Zoroastrian king. In addition, in one narration God chose a person from Abyssinia as prophet who went to a battle against disbelievers, they were killed and their captives were set on fire in a ditch.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi believed it is probable that different groups of people similar to Ashab al-Ukhdud existed. Some researchers believed the story of Ashab al-Ukhdud repeated in the past a few times. According to 'Abd al-Rahman b. Jubayr, the story of the people of the ditch took place in the time of Tuba' in Yemen, in the time of Emperor Constantine in Constantinople and in the time of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon.

In the Qur'an and in Christian's Reports

Muslims exegetists believe that because in the time of Prophet Muhammad (s) Muslims of Mecca were prosecuted and troubled by Quraysh, the verses of Sura al-Buruj were revealed to Prophet (s) in order to condemn disbelievers and encourage Muslims to resist against their enemies; they also praised their patience and resistance. Therefore, some aspects of this event including the patience of Ashab al-Ukhdud were valued and highlighted by exegetists. Besides, Ashab al-Ukhdud were mentioned in Islamic sources as a symbol of patience.

In Christians' reports, the story of the People of the Ditch were stated in order to commemorate the martyrs and intensify religious feelings of Christians and to stimulate Byzantine and Abyssinia Empires against anti-Jewish Himyarite Kingdom.

Convert of People of Najran

Different reports are stated in narrative sources about the convert of people of Najran to Christianity which was a prelude to the incident of the People of the Ditch.

According to Wahb b. Munabbih, a man called Fimiyun who was a virtuous and ascetic person, didn't introduce himself to people where he was living. Whenever he was recognized in a region, immediately he left the place and moved to a different region. One time, when he was settling in a place, a man called Salih accompanied him and they moved to Najran where they found people worshipping a giant tree which was decorated with jewelries. They invited people to Christianity and after a short period of time they managed to convert a large number of them to Christianity.

According to another narration, a divine man (Fimiyun's name was not stated) had a student called 'Abd Allah who learnt the Great Name of God from Fimiyun and he was doing extraordinary acts. When the ruler of the region found out about him, he ordered to kill him, but they failed to do so. 'Abd Allah told them if they wanted to take his life they had to convert to his religion, then the ruler immediately converted and then he hit 'Abd Allah with his stick which killed 'Abd Allah and himself. While people were watching the incident they believed in 'Abd Allah's religion and they converted.

Generally Zar'a and Yusuf were mentioned in Islamic sources as the original and the second name of the King, while Dhu Nuwas is said to be his title. Also sources stated that Dhu Nuwas was not a follower of Judaism earlier, as he converted to this religion, he intended to encourage people to convert and then he ordered to kill those who rejected to convert to Judaism.

In Christian Sources

It can be concluded from a number of Christian sources including the letter of Simon about the massacre of Christians in Najran that, Simon was informed of the massacre of Christians in Najran in January 524 and he stated that the event took place awhile before. In some of Christian sources, those who were killed were called Ukhdud.

Similes of Companions of Shi'ite Imams to Ashab al-Ukhdud

Based on a narration from Imam Ali (a), he mentioned the death of seven people of virtuous man from Kufa in 'Adhra region and he used simile to them in reference to Ashab al-Ukhdud. In some narrations, the reference was to Hujr b. 'Adi and his men who were prosecuted because of believing in God.

In some Islamic sources, Imam al-Husayn (a) and other martyrs of Karbala were also likened to Ashab al-Ukhdud.