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Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi: Difference between revisions
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| image = ابوالقاسم فردوسی.jpg | | image = ابوالقاسم فردوسی.jpg | ||
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| caption = | | caption = Ferdowsi's tomb in [[Tus]] | ||
| Full Name = | | Full Name = Hasan Mansur | ||
| Kunya = | | Kunya = Abu l-Qāsim | ||
| Epithet = Hakim Ferdowsi | | Epithet = Hakim Ferdowsi | ||
| Well Known As = Abu l- | | Well Known As = Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi | ||
| Religious Affiliation = | | Religious Affiliation = [[Shi'a]] | ||
| Lineage = | | Lineage = | ||
| Wellknown Relatives = | | Wellknown Relatives = | ||
| Birth = [[329]]/941 | | Birth = [[329]]/941 | ||
| Place of Birth = | | Place of Birth = Paj, [[Khorasan]] | ||
| Places of Residence = | | Places of Residence = | ||
| Place of Residence = Khorasan | | Place of Residence = Khorasan | ||
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'''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of the | '''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of the fourth/[[tenth]] century. He was born in Paj, a village in [[Khorasan]]. One of his famous works is [[Shahnameh]] (Book of Kings), in which the lives of the kings of [[Iran]] are narrated in poems. Historians have reported that he spent all his wealth in this way, but his effort was not accepted by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. Some sources considered this denial originating from the religious opposition between Ferdowsi and Mahmud of Ghazni. [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] considered Ferdowsi's approach in composing Shahnameh, adopted from the [[Qur'an]]'s method. About Ferdowsi's religion, different views have been mentioned. [['Abd al-Jalil Qazwini]] was the first person who introduced Ferdowsi [[Shi'a]] in his book ''[[al-Naqd]]''. | ||
== Life == | == Life == | ||
Abu l-Qasim Hasan Mansur known as Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi was an Iranian poet and epicist in the | Abu l-Qasim Hasan Mansur known as Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi was an Iranian poet and epicist in the fourth/tenth century. The date of his birth has been considered 329/941 or 330/942.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 261.</ref> | ||
Ferdowsi was the child born after the second [[marriage]] of Abu Mansur Sharaf Shah. History reports that one day, Sharaf shah dreamed that from his house, a son went to sky. They interpreted his dream as he would have a son whose name would remain in the history.<ref>Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27; Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 661.</ref> | Ferdowsi was the child born after the second [[marriage]] of Abu Mansur Sharaf Shah. History reports that one day, Sharaf shah dreamed that from his house, a son went to sky. They interpreted his dream as he would have a son whose name would remain in the history.<ref>Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27; Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 661.</ref> | ||
Ferdowsi was son of a peasant born in | Ferdowsi was a son of a peasant born in Paj, a village of [[Tus]]. He also had journeys to [[Baghdad]] and [[Mazandaran]].<ref>Fāḍilī, ''ʿIrfān-i sīyāsī'', p. 130.</ref> According to Nizami 'Aruzi, Ferdowsi was rich, but gradually spent his wealth and time for composing Shahnameh and in the late his life, he became poor and finally passed away in 411/1020 at the age of 80 in his birth town.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 261-263.</ref> | ||
== Religion == | == Religion == | ||
[[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] wrote that at the time of Ferdowsi, some areas of Khorasan, especially Tus, Beyhaq, | [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] wrote that at the time of Ferdowsi, some areas of [[Khorasan]], especially Tus, Beyhaq, Paj and Tabiran, were [[Shi'a]] and thus, he did not consider it impossible for Ferdowsi to have inclinations toward Shi'a community at that time, and even he pointed about Fedowsi's titles such as [[Rafidi]], attributed to him.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 12.</ref> Amin mentioned the Shi'a region and atmosphere of Ferdowsi's living place, that people in that region supported Shi'a uprisings and other similar issues as evidences to suggest that he was Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> | ||
[['Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini]] was the first person who mentioned in ''al-Naqd'' that Ferdowsi was [[Imami|Imami Shi'a]]. Later, [[Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] too, introduced him as Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> However, some people such as Ibrahim Purdavud and his student, Muhammad Mo'in considered him Zoroastrian and [[Malik al-Shuʿara Bahar]] too, considered him the reviver of Zoroastrian.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 16.</ref> | |||
According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems.<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 630.</ref> | According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems.<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 630.</ref> | ||
Mahdavi Damghani believed that it is impossible to find about a poet's religion by the number of his poems, except that he mentions a clear statement in them.<ref>Mahdawī Dāmghānī, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 21.</ref> He continued and said that Ferdowsi was Shi'a and there is no doubt about his [[religion]].<ref>Mahdawī Dāmghānī, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 23.</ref> | Mahdavi Damghani believed that it is impossible to find about a poet's religion by the number of his poems, except that he mentions a clear statement in them.<ref>Mahdawī Dāmghānī, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 21.</ref> He continued and said that Ferdowsi was Shi'a and there is no doubt about his [[religion]].<ref>Mahdawī Dāmghānī, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 23.</ref> | ||
== Shahnameh == | == Shahnameh == | ||
[[File:Shahnameh.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Right|Shahnameh | [[File:Shahnameh.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Right|Shahnameh, Ferdowsi's long epic poem]] | ||
One of the notable works of Ferdowsi is Shahnameh. Sayyid Hasan Amin claimed that the style of Shahnameh in composing poems is adopted from the Qur'an, while the eloquence of the Qur'an is higher.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has frequently spoken about culture and sought to link between the culture of [[Iran]] before and after [[Islam]].<ref>''Farhang dar āyina-yi zabān wa adabīyāt-i Farsi'', p. 36.</ref> | One of the notable works of Ferdowsi is Shahnameh. Sayyid Hasan Amin claimed that the style of Shahnameh in composing poems is adopted from the Qur'an, while the eloquence of the Qur'an is higher.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has frequently spoken about culture and sought to link between the culture of [[Iran]] before and after [[Islam]].<ref>''Farhang dar āyina-yi zabān wa adabīyāt-i Farsi'', p. 36.</ref> | ||
Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics, an invention by Ferdowsi and considered others such as Mas'udi Marvzi and Daqiqi Tusi prior to him, in that.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> It is reported that when Ferdowsi was 40 years old, it was several years since Daqiqi, an Iranian poet had begun narrating the Iranian national history in poems, but he was killed by his servant before he could finish it.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> | Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics, an invention by Ferdowsi and considered others such as Mas'udi Marvzi and Daqiqi Tusi prior to him, in that.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> It is reported that when Ferdowsi was 40 years old, it was several years since Daqiqi, an Iranian poet had begun narrating the Iranian national history in poems, but he was killed by his servant before he could finish it.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> | ||
Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/ | Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/980-81 and finished it in 400/1009-1010.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262; Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27.</ref> | ||
In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has poems about the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], especially [[Imam Ali (a)]], including, | In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has poems about the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], especially [[Imam Ali (a)]], including, | ||
:"That I am the City of Knowledge and Ali (a) is the door to me | :"That I am the City of Knowledge and Ali (a) is the door to me | ||
:This word is turly from the Prophet (s)" | |||
: | :"The head among the Companions, was Ali (a) | ||
:That the Prophet (s) called him, Ali the master" | |||
Ferdowsi is mentioned among Persian poets who was inspired by the words of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Shahīdī, ''Bahra-yi adabīyāt az sukhanān-i ʿAlī (a)'', p. 30.</ref> After Ferdowsi, one of the persons who was influenced by Ferdowsi was Ibn Hisam Khusfi, the author of ''Khavaran Nameh'', which he composed under the influence of Shahnameh.<ref>Ibn Ḥisām, ''Khāwarnāma'', p. 199-200.</ref> | |||
Ferdowsi is mentioned among Persian poets who was inspired by the words of Imam Ali (a) | |||
=== Mahmud of Ghazni's Reaction toward Shahnameh === | === Mahmud of Ghazni's Reaction toward Shahnameh === | ||
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*Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]].<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> | *Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]].<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> | ||
*Difference of opinions between Mahmud and Ferdowsi over racial, moral and national issues. Ferdowsi | *Difference of opinions between Mahmud and Ferdowsi over racial, moral, and national issues. Ferdowsi spoke harshly about Arabs and Turks who were among Mahmud's ancestors.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> | ||
Some believe that Shahnameh including 60 thousand couplets was composed during the time of Mahmud of Ghazni and was dedicated to him;<ref>Fāḍilī, ''ʿIrfān-i sīyāsī'', p. 130.</ref> and considered him the one who motivated Ferdowsi for composing it.<ref>Āqābābāyī, ''Ferdowsi'', vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> However, others consider racial attributes of Mahmud of Ghazni and historical reports about him in disagreement with that view.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> | Some believe that Shahnameh including 60 thousand couplets was composed during the time of Mahmud of Ghazni and was dedicated to him;<ref>Fāḍilī, ''ʿIrfān-i sīyāsī'', p. 130.</ref> and considered him the one who motivated Ferdowsi for composing it.<ref>Āqābābāyī, ''Ferdowsi'', vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> However, others consider racial attributes of Mahmud of Ghazni and historical reports about him in disagreement with that view.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> | ||
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*Mahdawī Dāmghānī, Aḥmad. 1372 Sh. "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi." ''Majalla-yi Iran Shināsī'' 17:20-53. | *Mahdawī Dāmghānī, Aḥmad. 1372 Sh. "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi." ''Majalla-yi Iran Shināsī'' 17:20-53. | ||
*Mustawfī Qazwīnī, Ḥamd Allāh b. Abī Bakr. ''Tārīkh-i guzīda''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Nawāyī. Third edition. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1364 Sh. | *Mustawfī Qazwīnī, Ḥamd Allāh b. Abī Bakr. ''Tārīkh-i guzīda''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Nawāyī. Third edition. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1364 Sh. | ||
*Shahīdī, Sayyid Jaʿfar. ''Bahra-yi adabīyāt az sukhanān-i ʿAlī (a)''. | *Shahīdī, Sayyid Jaʿfar. ''Bahra-yi adabīyāt az sukhanān-i ʿAlī (a)''. Pajuhish-ha-yi nahj al-balagha, No. 1. Bunyād-i Nahj al-Balāgha, 1380 Sh. | ||
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{{Shi'a in Central Asia}} | {{Shi'a in Central Asia}} | ||
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