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Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi: Difference between revisions
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'''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of the fourth/[[tenth]] century. He was born in Paj, a village in [[Khorasan]]. One of his famous works is [[Shahnameh]] (Book of Kings), in which the lives of the kings of [[Iran]] are narrated in poems. Historians have reported that he spent all his wealth in this way, but his effort was not accepted by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. Some sources considered this denial originating from the religious opposition between Ferdowsi and Mahmud of Ghazni. [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] considered Ferdowsi's approach in composing Shahnameh, adopted from the [[Qur'an]]'s method. About Ferdowsi's religion, different views have been mentioned. [['Abd al-Jalil Qazwini]] was the first person who introduced Ferdowsi [[Shi'a]] in his book ''[[al-Naqd]]''. | '''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of the fourth/[[tenth]] century. He was born in Paj, a village in [[Khorasan]]. One of his famous works is [[Shahnameh]] (Book of Kings), in which the lives of the kings of [[Iran]] are narrated in poems. Historians have reported that he spent all his wealth in this way, but his effort was not accepted by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. Some sources considered this denial originating from the religious opposition between Ferdowsi and Mahmud of Ghazni. [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] has considered Ferdowsi's approach in composing Shahnameh, adopted from the [[Qur'an]]'s method. About Ferdowsi's religion, different views have been mentioned. [['Abd al-Jalil Qazwini]] was the first person who introduced Ferdowsi as a [[Shi'a]] in his book ''[[al-Naqd]]''. | ||
== Life == | == Life == | ||
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Ferdowsi was the child born after the second [[marriage]] of Abu Mansur Sharaf Shah. History reports that one day, Sharaf shah dreamed that from his house, a son went to sky. They interpreted his dream as he would have a son whose name would remain in the history.<ref>Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27; Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 661.</ref> | Ferdowsi was the child born after the second [[marriage]] of Abu Mansur Sharaf Shah. History reports that one day, Sharaf shah dreamed that from his house, a son went to sky. They interpreted his dream as he would have a son whose name would remain in the history.<ref>Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27; Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 661.</ref> | ||
Ferdowsi was a son of a peasant born in Paj, a village of [[Tus]]. He also had journeys to [[Baghdad]] and [[Mazandaran]].<ref>Fāḍilī, ''ʿIrfān-i sīyāsī'', p. 130.</ref> According to Nizami 'Aruzi, Ferdowsi was rich, but gradually spent his wealth and time for composing Shahnameh and | Ferdowsi was a son of a peasant born in Paj, a village of [[Tus]]. He also had journeys to [[Baghdad]] and [[Mazandaran]].<ref>Fāḍilī, ''ʿIrfān-i sīyāsī'', p. 130.</ref> According to Nizami 'Aruzi, Ferdowsi was rich, but gradually spent his wealth and time for composing Shahnameh and toward the end of his life, he became poor and finally passed away in 411/1020 at the age of 80 in his birth town.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 261-263.</ref> | ||
== Religion == | == Religion == | ||
[[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] wrote that at the time of Ferdowsi, some areas of [[Khorasan]], especially Tus, Beyhaq, Paj and Tabiran, were [[Shi'a]] and thus, he did not consider it impossible for Ferdowsi to have inclinations toward Shi'a community at that time, and even he pointed about Fedowsi's titles such as [[Rafidi]], attributed to him.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 12.</ref> Amin mentioned the Shi'a region and atmosphere of Ferdowsi's living place, that people in that region supported Shi'a uprisings and other similar issues as evidences to suggest that he was Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> | [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] wrote that at the time of Ferdowsi, some areas of [[Khorasan]], especially Tus, Beyhaq, Paj and Tabiran, were [[Shi'a]] and thus, he did not consider it impossible for Ferdowsi to have inclinations toward Shi'a community at that time, and even he pointed about Fedowsi's titles such as [[Rafidi]], attributed to him.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 12.</ref> Amin mentioned the Shi'a region and atmosphere of Ferdowsi's living place, that people in that region supported Shi'a uprisings and other similar issues as evidences to suggest that he was Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> | ||
[['Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini]] was the first person who mentioned in ''al-Naqd'' that Ferdowsi was [[Imami|Imami Shi'a]]. Later, [[Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] too, introduced him as Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> However, some people such as Ibrahim Purdavud and his student, Muhammad Mo'in considered him Zoroastrian and [[Malik al-Shuʿara Bahar]] too, considered him the reviver of | [['Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini]] was the first person who mentioned in ''al-Naqd'' that Ferdowsi was [[Imami|Imami Shi'a]]. Later, [[Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] too, introduced him as Shi'a.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> However, some people such as Ibrahim Purdavud and his student, Muhammad Mo'in considered him Zoroastrian and [[Malik al-Shuʿara Bahar]] too, considered him the reviver of Zoroastrianism.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 16.</ref> | ||
According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems.<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 630.</ref> | According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems.<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh-i guzīda'', p. 630.</ref> | ||
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One of the notable works of Ferdowsi is Shahnameh. Sayyid Hasan Amin claimed that the style of Shahnameh in composing poems is adopted from the Qur'an, while the eloquence of the Qur'an is higher.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has frequently spoken about culture and sought to link between the culture of [[Iran]] before and after [[Islam]].<ref>''Farhang dar āyina-yi zabān wa adabīyāt-i Farsi'', p. 36.</ref> | One of the notable works of Ferdowsi is Shahnameh. Sayyid Hasan Amin claimed that the style of Shahnameh in composing poems is adopted from the Qur'an, while the eloquence of the Qur'an is higher.<ref>Amīn, "Madhhab-i Ferdowsi", p. 14.</ref> In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has frequently spoken about culture and sought to link between the culture of [[Iran]] before and after [[Islam]].<ref>''Farhang dar āyina-yi zabān wa adabīyāt-i Farsi'', p. 36.</ref> | ||
Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics | Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics an invention by Ferdowsi and considered others such as Mas'udi Marvzi and Daqiqi Tusi prior to him, in that.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> It is reported that when Ferdowsi was 40 years old, it was several years since Daqiqi, an Iranian poet had begun narrating the Iranian national history in poems, but he was killed by his servant before he could finish it.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262.</ref> | ||
Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/980-81 and finished it in 400/1009-1010.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262; Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27.</ref> | Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/980-81 and finished it in 400/1009-1010.<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 262; Bahār, ''Tārīkh-i sīstān'', p. 27.</ref> | ||
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=== Mahmud of Ghazni's Reaction toward Shahnameh === | === Mahmud of Ghazni's Reaction toward Shahnameh === | ||
[[File:قبر فردوسی.jpg|thumbnail|right|A Photo of Ferdowsi's gravestone]] | [[File:قبر فردوسی.jpg|thumbnail|right|A Photo of Ferdowsi's gravestone]] | ||
Toward the end of his life, when Ferdowsi lost his supports for continuing Shahnameh, as reported in the history, he decided to dedicate it to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]];<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> but, due to different reasons, it was not accepted by him including: | |||
*Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]].<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> | *Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]].<ref>Āqābābāyī, "Ferdowsi", vol. 12, p. 263.</ref> | ||