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Tatbir: Difference between revisions
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| place = | | place = | ||
| geographical extent = [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]], and sometimes [[Iran]] | | geographical extent = [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]], and sometimes [[Iran]] | ||
| origin = | | origin = Disagreement... | ||
| types = | | types = | ||
| symbolic objects = | | symbolic objects = short swords | ||
| symbolic meaning = | | symbolic meaning = | ||
| supplication = | | supplication = There is no authentic supplication. | ||
| hymns and litanies = | | hymns and litanies = "Haydar Haydar" | ||
| related organization = | | related organization = | ||
| inscription = | | inscription = | ||
| important rites = | | important rites = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''[[Tatbir]]''' (Arabic: {{ia|التطبير}}) or '''Qama Zani''' (Farsi: {{ia|قمهزنی}}) is a mourning practice by some Shi'as, in which they beat their heads with a sword or qama so that it bleeds. The practice became common from about the 10th/16th century, and is practiced today in some countries, including [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]], and sometimes [[Iran]]. | '''[[Tatbir]]''' (Arabic: {{ia|التطبير}}) or '''Qama Zani''' (Farsi: {{ia|قمهزنی}}) is a mourning practice by some Shi'as, in which they beat their heads with a sword or qama (short sword) so that it bleeds. The practice became common from about the 10th/16th century, and is practiced today in some countries, including [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]], and sometimes [[Iran]]. | ||
Proponents of tatbir see it as a ritual of [[Ashura]] and a means for the reinforcement of Shiism, and its opponents believe that it is a superstition undermining and defaming Shiism. | Proponents of tatbir see it as a ritual of [[Ashura]] and a means for the reinforcement of Shiism, and its opponents believe that it is a superstition undermining and defaming Shiism. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
===Origin=== | ===Origin=== | ||
Different views have been suggested as to the origin of tatbir. Some people consider it as a symbol for [[Lady Zaynab]]'s (a) reaction when she saw Imam al-Husayn's head on top of a spear on the way of the [[Captives of Karbala|caravan]] from [[Karbala]] to Syria (al-Sham), lost control of herself, and beat her head on howdah, as a result of which blood ran from her head. Many scholars believe that the story is not well-documented. According to [[Shaykh 'Abbas al-Qummi]] in his ''[[Muntaha al-amal]]'', the source of the story is ''[[Nur al-'Ayn fi mashhad al-Husayn (a) (book)|Nur al-'Ayn]]'' and ''[[Al-Muntakhab fi jam' al-marathi wa l-khutab (book)|al-Muntakhab]]'', both of which are not reliable enough. The story does not appear in any other reliable sources or early books of [[maqtal]]. Moreover, the story of Zaynab's (a) beating her head on the howdah is rationally implausible as well. | Different views have been suggested as to the origin of tatbir. Some people consider it as a symbol for [[Lady Zaynab]]'s (a) reaction when she saw Imam al-Husayn's head on top of a spear on the way of the [[Captives of Karbala|caravan]] from [[Karbala]] to Syria (al-Sham), lost control of herself, and beat her head on howdah, as a result of which blood ran from her head. Many scholars believe that the story is not well-documented. According to [[Shaykh 'Abbas al-Qummi]] in his ''[[Muntaha al-amal]]'', the source of the story is ''[[Nur al-'Ayn fi mashhad al-Husayn (a) (book)|Nur al-'Ayn]]'' and ''[[Al-Muntakhab fi jam' al-marathi wa l-khutab (book)|al-Muntakhab]]'', both of which are not reliable enough. The story does not appear in any other reliable sources or early books of [[maqtal]]. Moreover, the story of Zaynab's (a) beating her head on the howdah is rationally implausible as well. | ||
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===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ||
[[File:قمه زنی در تهران دوره قاجار.jpg|200px|thumb|Tatbir in [[Tehran]] in the [[Qajar]] era]] | |||
Tatbir in Iran dates back to the Safavid period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in Ardabil in the period of Shah Safi. The practice became very common in the Qajar period, especially during the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was Mulla Aqa Darbandi, a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | Tatbir in Iran dates back to the Safavid period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in Ardabil in the period of Shah Safi. The practice became very common in the Qajar period, especially during the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was Mulla Aqa Darbandi, a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | ||
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It undermines the religion and the denomination, that is, Islam and Shiism (that is, it leads to insults of the religion and the denomination in the public view or in the views of other religions and denominations). | It undermines the religion and the denomination, that is, Islam and Shiism (that is, it leads to insults of the religion and the denomination in the public view or in the views of other religions and denominations). | ||
{{Mourning of Muharram-horizontal}} | |||
[[fa:قمهزنی]] | |||
[[ar:التطبير]] | |||
<onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | ||
| priority = b | | priority = b | ||
| quality = c | | quality = c | ||
| links = | | links = done | ||
| photo = | | photo = done | ||
| categories = | | categories = done | ||
| infobox = | | infobox = done | ||
| navbox = | | navbox = done | ||
| redirects = | | redirects = done | ||
| references = | | references = | ||
| good article = | | good article = | ||
| featured article = | | featured article = | ||
}}</onlyinclude> | }}</onlyinclude> | ||
[[Category:Rituals of Muharram]] | [[Category:Rituals of Muharram]] | ||
[[Category:Mourning ceremonies]] | [[Category:Mourning ceremonies]] | ||
[[Category:Distortions of Ashura]] | [[Category:Distortions of Ashura]] | ||