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Tatbir: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Rituals | {{Infobox Rituals | ||
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===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ||
[[File:قمه زنی در تهران دوره قاجار.jpg|200px|thumb|Tatbir in [[Tehran]] in the [[Qajar]] era]] | [[File:قمه زنی در تهران دوره قاجار.jpg|200px|thumb|Tatbir in [[Tehran]] in the [[Qajar]] era]] | ||
Tatbir in Iran dates back to the Safavid period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in Ardabil in the period of Shah Safi. The practice became very common in the Qajar period, especially during the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was Mulla Aqa Darbandi, a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | Tatbir in [[Iran]] dates back to the [[Safavid]] period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in [[Ardabil]] in the period of [[Shah Safi]]. The practice became very common in the [[Qajar]] period, especially during the period of [[Nasir al-Din Shah]]. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was [[Mulla Aqa Darbandi]], a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | ||
There are reports of tatbir rituals in books of travel by tourists and other foreign visitors to Iran at the time who witnessed Muharram mourning ceremonies; for example, Dr. Feuvrier, Nasir al-Din Shah's physician, Henry Rene D'Allemagne, and Benjamin the great ambassador of the USA in the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. | There are reports of tatbir rituals in books of travel by tourists and other foreign visitors to Iran at the time who witnessed Muharram mourning ceremonies; for example, Dr. Feuvrier, Nasir al-Din Shah's physician, Henry Rene D'Allemagne, and Benjamin the great ambassador of the USA in the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. | ||
In the period of Reza Shah, tatbir as well as other mourning rituals were banned since | In the period of [[Reza Shah]], tatbir as well as other mourning rituals were banned since [[1354]]/[[1935 CE|1935]]. The ban continued until [[1360]]/[[1941 CE|1941]] when Reza Shah was removed from power. After that, its ban was lifted, and tatbir was resumed in some areas of Iran. In the period of [[Pahlavi]], tatbir flourished and declined at different times. In some years (including [[1384]]/[[1964 CE|1964]]) it was banned at the command of Shahrbani (police) or SAVAK, and in some years, it was freely practiced. | ||
==Approaches of Jurists== | ==Approaches of Jurists== | ||
Tatbir has been a contentious jurisprudential issue among Shiite jurists since the period of Qajar until today. Jurists can be divided into proponents and opponents of tatbir: jurists such as Mirza Na'ini, Muhammad Taqi Bahjat, and Mirza Jawad Tabrizi permitted tatbir, while | Tatbir has been a contentious [[jurisprudential]] issue among Shiite jurists since the period of Qajar until today. Jurists can be divided into proponents and opponents of tatbir: jurists such as [[Mirza Na'ini]], [[Muhammad Taqi Bahjat]], and [[Mirza Jawad Tabrizi]] permitted tatbir, while jurists such as [[Sayyid Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani]], [[al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]], [[Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei]], [[Husayn'ali Muntaziri]], and [[Nasir Makarim Shirazi]] believed that tatbir undermines Shiism, and is therefore forbidden. | ||
===Proponents=== | ===Proponents=== | ||