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'''Māwarāʾ al-Nahr''' (Arabic: {{ia|ماوراء النهر}}) or '''Transoxiana''' was the name of a vast land in the east north of the plateau of [[Iran]], which is now also called Central Asia. This region became known as '''Mawara' al-Nahr''', after it was conquered by [[Muslim]]s. The [[religion]] of most of its people before [[Islam]] was [[Zoroastrianism]]. Islam quickly spread in this land and this region could become the pole of Islamic culture and civilization in a short time. Some of its important cities were [[Merv]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], etc. | '''Māwarāʾ al-Nahr''' (Arabic: {{ia|ماوراء النهر}}) or '''Transoxiana''' was the name of a vast land in the east north of the plateau of [[Iran]], which is now also called Central Asia. This region became known as '''Mawara' al-Nahr''', after it was conquered by [[Muslim]]s. The [[religion]] of most of its people before [[Islam]] was [[Zoroastrianism]]. Islam quickly spread in this land and this region could become the pole of Islamic culture and civilization in a short time. Some of its important cities were [[Merv]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], etc. | ||
This region became an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]] since the | This region became an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]] since the second/eighth century due to its distance from the center of [[Abbasid]] [[caliphate]]. Mawara' al-Nahr introduced great scholars to the world of knowledge, among whom there are scientists and scholars such as [[al-'Ayyashi]], [[al-Kashshi]], [[Abu 'Ali Sina]] (Avicenna), [[al-Farabi]] and others. Governments such as [[Samanids]], [[Kara-Khanids]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Seljuks]], etc. ruled over this region, some of which such as Samanids played a great role in spreading Islamic science, culture and civilization. | ||
== Geographical Borders == | == Geographical Borders == | ||
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== Coming of Islam == | == Coming of Islam == | ||
Three years after the conquest of Merv by Muslims, the first attacks to this land began, until in 85/704 after [[Qutayba b. Muslim al-Bahili]] became the governor of [[Khorasan]] and could conquer most or all of the cities of this region one after another. This region became known as Mawara' al-Nahr after it was conquered by Arabs. | Three years after the conquest of Merv by Muslims, the first attacks to this land began, until in 85/704-5 after [[Qutayba b. Muslim al-Bahili]] became the governor of [[Khorasan]] and could conquer most or all of the cities of this region one after another. This region became known as Mawara' al-Nahr after it was conquered by Arabs. | ||
Islam spread in this region so that it could emerge as a scientific and cultural center against [[Baghdad]] and even some of its cities including Samarkand and Bukhara became famous as two important centers which could even be compared to Baghdad. For five centuries, this region was the greatest cradle of Islamic civilization and the center of Iranian governments. Mawara' al-Nahr was the birth and burial place of many great Islamic scholars. | Islam spread in this region so that it could emerge as a scientific and cultural center against [[Baghdad]] and even some of its cities including Samarkand and Bukhara became famous as two important centers which could even be compared to Baghdad. For five centuries, this region was the greatest cradle of Islamic civilization and the center of Iranian governments. Mawara' al-Nahr was the birth and burial place of many great Islamic scholars. | ||
== Presence of 'Alawi Sayyids and Shi'a == | == Presence of 'Alawi Sayyids and Shi'a == | ||
Since the | Since the second/eighth century, Mawara' al-Nahr was considered an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]]. It was considered so, because it was far from Arabic and [['Abbasid]] center of [[caliphate]] and also because the enemies of Shi'a did not have access to them. The remarkable presence of 'Alawis in this region dates back to third/ninth and fourth/tenth centuries. That might be because of Samanids' religious zeal which led to inhabitation of [[Sayyid]]s and Shi'a in that region with perfect security. Seljuks' dogmatic encounter with Shi'a can be considered among other reasons of the emigration of Shi'a, especially 'Alawis in fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries. | ||
Most people of Mawara' al-Nahr, especially in | Most people of Mawara' al-Nahr, especially in sixth/twelfth century, were [[Hanafi]] Sunnis who acknowledged the great position of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Shi'a were very active in that region. In his book of ''Ansab'', [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] reported about the existence of a large group of 'Alawi Sayyids in that region. Some others reported about the transmission of [[hadith]]s in gatherings in Mawara' al-Nahr and in the [[mourning procession|mourning]] ceremonies of the [[Day of 'Ashura]] and believe that the significant presence of Shi'a in this region can be proved; as the poems composed in praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) by famous poets such as Suzani Samarqandi, Sabuni Kashshi and others available in literary texts of that period can be referred to as evidences. | ||
One of the important centers of Shi'a in Mawara' al-Nahr was the city of Samarqand. [[Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi]] was among distinguished Shi'a scholars who established an active scientific center in that city. Other Shi'a cities of this region were [[Neyshabur]], [[Mashhad]], [[Bukhara]], Quhistan, Raqa, etc. where 'Alawi Sayyids were esteemed. | One of the important centers of Shi'a in Mawara' al-Nahr was the city of Samarqand. [[Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi]] was among distinguished Shi'a scholars who established an active scientific center in that city. Other Shi'a cities of this region were [[Neyshabur]], [[Mashhad]], [[Bukhara]], Quhistan, Raqa, etc. where 'Alawi Sayyids were esteemed. | ||
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After Samanids, Turks of Mawara' al-Nahr who had great power in the region, took the power. [[Kara-Khanids]] were the first Muslim Turks who could took the power after Samanids. It was important because that provided the grounds for frequent emigration of many Turks to Mawara' al-Nahr, which developed the region and they formed the majority of the population of the society. Another Turk tribe who took the power in this region were [[Ghaznavids]]. Also, [[Seljuk]] Turks ruled over the region for years after the fall of Ghaznavids. | After Samanids, Turks of Mawara' al-Nahr who had great power in the region, took the power. [[Kara-Khanids]] were the first Muslim Turks who could took the power after Samanids. It was important because that provided the grounds for frequent emigration of many Turks to Mawara' al-Nahr, which developed the region and they formed the majority of the population of the society. Another Turk tribe who took the power in this region were [[Ghaznavids]]. Also, [[Seljuk]] Turks ruled over the region for years after the fall of Ghaznavids. | ||
In 616/ | In 616/1219-20, Mongols invaded Islamic lands through Mawara' al-Nahr by defeating [[Khwarazmshahids]] and conquering Mawara' al-Nahr. They killed many Muslims, destroyed and plundered many cities. Although, this region was the first center in fighting with Mongols and the people of Mawara' al-Nahr made great fights agents Mongols, Mongols ruled over this region for a long time and thus, it could never again become a scientific and cultural center. | ||
After the rule of Mongols, [[Timurids]] took the power, when Mawara' al-Nahr gained a new spirit and became the scientific and cultural center of Iran, and that period is referred to as the renaissance of Timurid era. Another government which took the power in this region and prepared the grounds for complete separation of Mawara' al-Nahr from Iran was the Shaybanid or [[Uzbek]] dynasty which was in opposition with the [[Safavid]] government. | After the rule of Mongols, [[Timurids]] took the power, when Mawara' al-Nahr gained a new spirit and became the scientific and cultural center of Iran, and that period is referred to as the renaissance of Timurid era. Another government which took the power in this region and prepared the grounds for complete separation of Mawara' al-Nahr from Iran was the Shaybanid or [[Uzbek]] dynasty which was in opposition with the [[Safavid]] government. | ||
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[[fa:ماوراء النهر]] | [[fa:ماوراء النهر]] | ||
[[Category:Geography of Islam]] | [[Category:Geography of Islam]] | ||